Transcript We left class early

Types of Sentences
Four Types of Sentences
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SIMPLE sentence
COMPOUND Sentence
COMPLEX Sentence
COMPOUND-COMPLEX Sentence
Simple sentence
A simple sentence has one independent
clause and no dependent clauses:

The student yawned.
Although a simple sentence cannot
have a dependent clause, it can have
modifiers:
•The tall student sitting in the back in
my algebra class yawned loudly.
The basic sentence is ‘The student
yawned’. The other words are modifiers
- they are descriptive words.
• A simple sentence contains only one
independent clause, but it can have
more than one subject or verb:
• TWO SUBJECTS: The student and his
friend yawned.
• TWO VERBS : The student yawned
and fell asleep.
A sentence with all these elements will be long, but it is
still simple because it contains only one independent
clause:
The tall student sitting in the back in my
physics class and his friend yawned
loudly and fell asleep.
Compound sentence
A compound sentence has two or more
independent clauses that are usually joined by a
coordinating conjunction:
• Henry got a new job, so he has to move.
• I have a lot of homework, but I am not going to
have time to study tonight.
Notice the difference between a simple sentence
with a compound verb and a compound sentence
with two clauses:
SIMPLE
My house guests returned from a long
day of shopping and went straight to
bed.
COMPOUND My house guests returned home from a
long day of shopping, and we decided
to stay at home instead of going out.
What is the difference?
Compound sentence with
coordinating conjunctions
• Most compound sentences are formed with
a coordinating conjunction: and, or, but,
so, for, nor, yet. The last three occur
almost exclusively in writing, so they add a
level of formality:
• The experiment was deemed successful,
yet our results were unsatisfactory.
• The students were unhappy with their
professor, for he often wasted their time in
class.
Compound sentence without
coordinating conjunctions
• Yet, while most compound sentences are
formed with a coordinating conjunctions,
often good writers decide to eliminate the
conjunction and simply add a semicolon:
• The ambitious student initiated the
research; the teacher was pleased by her
efforts.
• The students were unhappy with their
professor; he often wasted their time in
class.
Complex sentence
A complex sentence has an independent clause
with one or more dependent clauses (or it’s
called a subordinate clause). It is connected
using a subordinating conjunctions.
 Note that introductory dependent clauses
must be followed by commas:
- Since we got to the concert late, we had to
make our way to our seats in the dark.
-We left class early so that we could attend a
special lecture.
Complex sentences should be
punctuated in one of two ways:
 INDEPENDENT CLAUSE dependent clause (no
comma)
We left class early so that we could attend a
special lecture.
Dependent clause, INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (comma)
So that we could attend a special lecture, we
left class early.
Continued…
Sample 1
• Astronauts often feel seasick.
• They first experience weightlessness.
- Astronauts often feel sick when they first experience weightlessness.
- When they first experience weightlessness, astronauts often feel sick
Sample 2
• The students were noisy.
• The teacher handed out the test.
- The students were noisy until the teacher handed out the test.
- Until the teacher handed out the test, the students were noisy
Sample 3
• The teacher told them to stop writing.
• They put down their pencils
Subordinating Conjunctions
• Time subordinators: Begin a clause that tells when sth
happens
 After – After Jessica goes to class, she finishes her
assignments.
 As – As the time passed by, Roy has grown to be a very
mischievous boy.
 As soon as – We will leave the airport as soon as
Masitah arrives.
 Before – Jamie cooks lunch for his family before he
goes to work everyday.
 Since – Puan Saripah has been sorrow since her
husband passed away a few years ago.
Continued…
 Until – I will keep the cat with me until the
owner claims for it.
 When – When Dalila is busy, her husband will
take care of their children.
 Whenever – Whenever there is a robbery case,
Hashim would be the main suspect as he just
got out from the prison.
 While – Syima is eating a pack of nasi lemak
while she is driving.
Continued…
• Reason subordinators: Begin a clause that
tells why sth happens.
 Because – Camelia cries loudly because her
mother scolds her.
 Since – Latifah gets scolded by her lecturer
since she always comes late to class.
 As – Nobody dares to speak to her as she is a
bad-tempered girl.
Continued…
• Place subordinators: Begin a clause that tells
where sth happens or where sth is located.
 Where – I write my phone number where my
students can easily see it.
 Wherever – I will follow you wherever you go.
Continued…
• Comparison subordinators:
 Although (in spite of the fact that)
Although it’s raining, the boys don’t want to go home.
 Even though (to show something that is unexpected or to
make a comparison stronger)
Even though he is my father, he doesn’t have a right to beat me.
 Just as – Selina is good in Math just as her twin sister, Serina.
 Whereas – Ahmad is tall whereas his elder brother is short.
Comparing compound and complex
sentences
• interest, variety, and coherence
• compound sentences differ from
complex sentences in one important
way: In a compound sentence, both
clauses have equal importance; in a
complex sentence, the independent
clause is more important.
Compare these sentences
• COMPOUND John was tired, but he finished his
homework.
• COMPLEX Although John was tired, he finished his
homework.
• In the first sentence, the writer is communicating
that both clauses are equally important. In the
second sentence, the writer is saying that the
subordinate clause ("John was tired") is less
important than the independent clause ("he
finished his homework").
Compound-Complex Sentence
• A compound-complex sentence has three
clauses, at least two of which are
independent.
• You can use almost any combination of
dependent and independent clause as long
there is at least one independent clause in the
sentence.
Example
• I wanted to travel after I graduated from college;
however, I had to go to work immediately.
• After I graduated to college, I wanted to travel, but I
had to go to work immediately.
• I wanted to travel after I graduated from college, but
I had to go to work immediately because I had to
support my family.
• I could not decide where I should work or what I
should do, so at first I did nothing.