Transcript Direct and Reported Speech

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Direct Speech
• It uses the exact words the speaker has said
• It is indicated by quotation marks
• Direct speech consists of two parts:
- an introductory clause with a verb as said
or asked. This introductory verb is followed
by a comma.
- the words that have been spoken, using
quotation marks.
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Formats of direct speech:
• The introductory verb is before the words that
have been said. The teacher said, “Stop Talking”
• Sometimes the words that have been said come
first. “When is your friend coming?” asked my mother.
• The introductory verb may be in the middle of the
sentence, dividing the sentence into two parts“Stop
Talking”said the teacher, “and do your exercises”
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Reported Speech
• When we convert a sentence from direct to
reported speech we have to make many changes:
 Punctuation
 Pronouns
 Introductory verbs + that
 Tenses of the introductory verb
 Adverbs of time and place
 Questions
 Commands
 Exclamations
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Punctuation changes
• The quotation marks,exclamation marks,
question marks and the capital letters must
be removed.
• Note that the capital letter can not be
removed if it is a proper noun.
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Pronouns changes
• Pronouns change in order to maintain the
meaning.
Mary said: “I’m coming late”
Mary said that she was coming late.
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Introductory verbs + that
• Insert the word that after the introductory
verb.
• Usual introductory verbs are: said, says,
declared, stated, exclaimed, complained.
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Tenses of the introductory verb
• If the introductory verb is in the present tense in the direct
speech, we can maintain the present tense in reported
speech if we consider that it has just been said.
Peter says, “ I have a headache today”
Peter says that he has a headache today.
• If the introductory verb is in the past tense in the direct
speech, and it has already occured. We must use the past
tense in the introductory verb and report the spoken words
in the past tense by putting them one stage back in terms of
tense. Peter said, “ I have a headache today”
Peter said that he had a headache that day.
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