Transcript English word-formation Compounding

Unit 6
Chapters 7 & 8 of
“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”
Objectives
Contents:
1. Talk about and analyze Chapters 7-8 of “The Adventures of
Tom Sawyer”.
2. An introduction about English word-formation (compounding).
Purpose:
1. Help the students understand and appreciate Chapters 7-8.
2. Make the students get to know English word-formation
(Compounding).
Procedure:
1.Talk about and analyze Chapters 7-8
2. An introduction about English word-formation (Compounding).
Chapter 7
Pre-reading questions
Read the 1st paragraph on p.60 carefully.
What happened between Tom and Becky?
while-reading
Main idea
It’s mainly about Tom and Becky and how
they get engaged.
At first, things looked good. The future was
full of joy for them both until Tom said: “Oh,
it’s even so gay! Why, me and Amy
Lawrence----.” Becky knew she wasn’t the
first girl Tom had been engaged to.
She refused to accept his apology or
understand his explanations.
Teacher’s Comments
The author describes young love very effectively here.
He includes all the stammerings and blushes and
secrecy we all know happen the first time a child falls in
love.
And Becky, young and innocent though she was, was
woman enough to take tears when she learned that Tom
had been “engaged” before.
She also knew --- from some sort of feminine intuition, it
appeared---- that she should be won slowly. Notice the
childlike way in which she held back from getting
engaged: she hid her apron so that Tom would have to
work to kiss her.
Tom, playing the experience, worldly-wise lover, blunders
as men blunder. Here he talked about the good times
he’s had with another girl.
Chapter 8
pre-reading questions
What happened in this chapter?
Read 2nd paragraph on p.68 carefully.
What can you find here?
While-reading
main idea
Tom felt sad when Becky refused his explanation.
He played hooky in the afternoon. He wandered in
the woods.
He had some imagination about his future.
He decided to be a pirate in the future.
Then Joe Harper joined him and they played games
in the woods.
They had a wonderful time in the woods.
When the darkness came, they went home.
Teacher’s comments
Tom was resourceful.
He could bounce back after troubles and
disappointments with no real emotional scars.
He forgot his problems in the pleasant occupations of
the moment and was ready to get his satisfactions by
imaging himself to be what he wished he could be.
Tom didn’t think of coming back from his piracies to
destroy the village. He only wanted to stroll up and
down the streets in his gaudy black and red regalia
and be wondered at.
There was no problem of deep seated hostility here; it
was all play.
English word-formation
Compounding
Compounding (or composition) is the formation of new words
by joining two or more bases.
Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a
compound is ‘a lexical unit consisting of more than one base
and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single
word’. (Quirk et al 1985) Silkworm and honey-bee are
compounds; so are tear gas and easy chair.
These examples show that compounds can be written solid
(Silkworm), hyphenated (honey-bee) and open (tear gas and
easy chair).
The separation or lack of it in writing is a fair indication of how
deeply the heat of fusion has penetrated, and of how much the
individual component has kept of its own identity.
Formation of compounds
Compounding can take place within any of the
word classes, but the productive ones are nouns
and adjectives followed by verbs to a much
lesser extent.
Most compounds consist of only two bases but
are formed on a rich variety of patterns and the
internal grammatical relationships within the
words are considerably complex.
This section will focus on the three major
classes of compounds, laying emphasis on the
two aspects as stated above.
Noun Compounds
1. Phonetic feature- stresses fall on the first element:
 darkroom, green hand, blackbird
2. Grammatical feature-a single grammatical slot in a
sentence:
fine arts, hot dog, red tape
3. Semantic feature- a single semantic unit though they
maybe written open:
blackboard, blackmail, hotline, grass roots unit
Adjective Compounds
easy-going, bitter-sweet, war-weary, tenstorey, shorted-sighted
Peace-loving, time-consuming, timesaving, warweary, well-meant, shortsighted, near-sighted, far-sighted, oneeyed, three-legged
Adverbial Compounds
baby sit, day dream, sleep walk
Verb Compounds
Backformation
Eg:
mass production---mass produce,
Sight-seeing--- sight-see,
Window-shopping---window-shop (只看不买)
Breast-fed---breast-feed
Conversion
Eg:
nickname, honeymoon, first-name (称兄道弟)
lip-read (信任), uphold（支持，赞成）, housekeep
Homework
1. Read Chapters 10-12 of “The Adventures of
Tom Sawyer”.
2. Do newspaper reading
3. Do supplementary reading.