Transcript About me

Author Academy—getting your
research published
Metninizin yayımlanması için bir rehber
Warren Raye, PhD
Senior Editor
Edanz Group
Customer
Introduction
Service
About me …
Senior Editor
Customer
Introduction
Service
Today’s presentation
• Academic publishing
• Before you start …
• Manuscript structure
• Reader expectations
• Peer review
Academic publishing
Adopt a winning strategy
Researcher
Footballer
Physical fitness
Preparation
Results
Team members
Communication
Manuscript
Rules of the game
Understanding
Submission process
Opposition
Knowledge
Published literature
Win games
Tactics
Publication record
Academic publishing
You must publish in
English
İngilizce, bilimin uluslararası dilidir
•
•
•
•
•
•
The international language of research
Other researchers want to hear from you!
Become a more effective communicator
Funding
International reputation
Career advancement
Araştırmalarınız yayımlanmadan tamamlanmış değildir
Academic publishing
The process
Peer review
Results novel?
Topic relevant?
Manuscript +
cover letter
Editor
New experiments
Improve readability
Add information
Reject
Accepted—
publication!
Revision
Academic publishing
Publishing timeline
• 3–12 months …
• Depends on
– Manuscript type
– Availability of peer reviewers
– Fast tracking
– Number of revisions
• How well you address reviewer comments
Academic publishing
Ask yourself
High quality research
Good design
Well executed
Original and novel
What do
journal editors want?
Interesting to
journal’s readership
Clear and concise
English
Academic publishing
High quality research
Good design
Well executed
Dergi
Ask yourself
Original and novel
What do
editörleri
iyieditors
kalitede
journal
want?bilimi
Interesting to
journal’s readership
istiyor
Clear and concise
English
Academic publishing
Publication ethics
• Multiple submissions • Data fabrication and
falsification
• Plagiarism
• Conflicts of interest
• Author list
– Who?
– First & last authors
– Corresponding author
– Financial
– Personal
– Intellectual
Etik olmayan davranışlarda bulunursanız, yakalanırsınız
Reading improves your
writing
Before you start …
How?
What to do
Structure & style
Argument
structure
Journal quality
Get new ideas
What not to do
İyi bir okuyucu olmak, iyi bir yazar olmanıza
yardımcı olacaktır
Before you start …
Make time to read
Read often
• At least …
– 20–30 min each day
– 60 min, once a week
• Discuss with colleagues
– Journal club
Before you start …
•
•
•
•
How to read an article
Start to finish?
Section by section?
Where is the relevant information?
Be efficient
Before you start …
Strategies for reading
Title and Abstract first
Before you start …
Strategies for reading
Title and Abstract first
Self-assess knowledge of topic
Have you read similar papers?
Familiar with the terminology?
Do you understand the relevance
of the hypothesis?
Before you start …
Strategies for reading
Title and Abstract first
Self-assess knowledge of topic
Last paragraph of Introduction for aims
Before you start …
Strategies for reading
Title and Abstract first
Self-assess knowledge of topic
Last paragraph of Introduction for aims
Figures & Tables, then Results
Before you start …
Strategies for reading
Title and Abstract first
Self-assess knowledge of topic
Last paragraph of Introduction for aims
Figures & Tables, then Results
Discussion for interpretation
Before you start …
Strategies for reading
Title and Abstract first
Self-assess knowledge of topic
Last paragraph of Introduction for aims
Figures & Tables, then Results
Discussion for interpretation
Refer to Introduction and
Methods if necessary
Before you start …
Journal selection
Before you start …
Factors to consider
What is your publication goal?
•
•
•
•
Aims & scope
Prestige
Impact factor
Target audience
•
•
•
•
Open access
Publishing frequency
Indexing status
Publication type
Which factor is most important to you?
Before you start …
Timing
• Choose your target journal:
– After you have decided you have enough results
for a publication
– After a decision has been made on how high to
aim—high, medium or low impact
– Before writing the Title, Abstract, Introduction
or Discussion sections
Before you start …
Evaluating significance:
novelty
• How new are my results compared with
those already published?
New findings
Incremental
advances
Conceptual
advances
Low to medium
impact
Medium to high
impact
Before you start …
Evaluating significance:
relevance
• How relevant is my work?
Applications for a
specific field?
Applications across
many fields?
Before you start …
Evaluating significance:
relevance
• Are your findings specific to a geographical
region or ethnic population?
Regional?
Global?
Before you start …
Evaluating significance:
appeal
• Is my work in an area of ‘popular appeal’?
• Examples:
– OLEDs
– Cloud computing
– Food irradiation
– Medical devices
– Higgs boson
– Green aviation
– Stem cells
– Global warming
Before you start …
Edanz Journal Selector
edanzediting.com/journal_selector
Before you start …
Insert your
proposed
abstract
How to use
Before you start …
Refine your results
Recommended
journals
Advanced
matching
Before you start …
Make a decision
Semantic
matching terms
Journal
information
Similar
published
articles
Before you start …
Visit journal websites
Manuscript structure
You need to tell a story
Beginning  Middle  End
• Must be easy to read and easy to understand
Manuscript structure
•
•
•
•
•
IMRaD
Introduction
Methods
Results
and
Discussion
Assertion
Evidence
Affirmation
Metin bölümlerini, metinde yer alan sıraya göre yazmayın
Manuscript structure
The ‘write’ order
• For maximum clarity and consistency:
Methods
Results
Introduction
Discussion
Title
Abstract
During your research
After selecting target journal
Write last
Manuscript structure
Relevance of
your aims
First impressions count
Importance of
your results
Validity of
conclusions
Your abstract
Judge your
writing style
Likely the only part
that will be read
Özet, makalenin en önemli bölümüdür
Manuscript structure
Abstract
Özet, 'tek başına' anlaşılabilmelidir
• Concise
– Less than the specified word count
•
•
•
•
•
Problem(s) addressed (10%)
Objectives/hypotheses (20%)
Techniques (10%)
Your most important results (40%)
Concluding statement (20%)
Manuscript structure
Sample abstract
The switching of focal adhesion maturation sites and actin filament activation
for MSCs by topography of well-defined micropatterned surfaces
Securing robust cell adhesion between cells and biomaterials is one of key considerations
for tissue engineering. However, the cell adhesion investigation by the biophysical effects
such as topography or rigidity of substrates has only been recently reported. In this study,
we examined the spatial property of focal adhesions by changing the height of
micropatterns in two kinds of microtopography (grid and post) and the stiffness of the
substrates. We found that the focal adhesion localization is highly regulated by
topographical variation (height) of gird micropattens but not the rigidity of substrates or
the function of actin cytoskeleton, although the latters strongly influence the focal adhesion
size or area. In detail, the change of the height of the grid micropatterns results in the
switching of focal adhesion sites; as the height increases, the localization of focal adhesion
is switched from top to bottom areas. This study demonstrates that the localization of focal
adhesion on well-defined micropatterned substrates is critically determined by the
topographical variation in the micropatterns.
Seo et al. Biomaterials 2012, 34:1764‒1771.
Manuscript structure
Sample abstract
Securing robust cell adhesion between cells and biomaterials is one of key considerations
for tissue engineering. However, the cell adhesion investigation by the biophysical effects
such as topography or rigidity of substrates has only been recently reported.
Background
In this study, we examined the spatial property of focal adhesions by changing the height of
micropatterns in two kinds of microtopography (grid and post) and the stiffness of the
substrates.
Aims/Methods
We found that the focal adhesion localization is highly regulated by topographical variation
(height) of gird micropattens but not the rigidity of substrates or the function of actin
cytoskeleton, although the latters strongly influence the focal adhesion size or area. In
detail, the change of the height of the grid micropatterns results in the switching of focal
adhesion sites; as the height increases, the localization of focal adhesion is switched from
top to bottom areas.
This study demonstrates that the localization of focal adhesion on well-defined
micropatterned substrates is critically determined by the topographical variation in the
micropatterns.
Important
results
Conclusion
Seo et al. Biomaterials 2012, 34:1764‒1771.
Manuscript structure
Introduction
What problem was studied?
The answer to this question should be in
your Introduction
Beginning  Middle  End
Hangi sorun üzerinde çalışıldı?
Manuscript structure
Introduction Beginning
• Sufficient background information
• Comprehensive literature review
• Cite previous publications
– Review articles
– Original articles
• What is the problem?
Manuscript structure
Introduction Middle
• Rationale
– The reason(s) for doing this work?
– Why is it important the problem is addressed?
• Explain how you addressed the problem
• Do not state results from your work
Manuscript structure
Introduction End
• Clearly and explicitly state specific
aims of your study
Manuscript structure
Methods
• Logical order
• New methods must be described in
sufficient detail that they can be
reproduced
• Established methods can be referenced
– Save yourself time and effort
Sorunu nasıl çalıştınız?
Manuscript structure
Results
• Past tense to describe your results
• Do not explain the results
• Avoid duplicating data among figures,
tables and text
Neler buldunuz?
Manuscript structure
Display items
Tablolar ve figürler, anlaşılabilmek için çok iyi
yöntemlerdir
• Present data quickly and efficiently
• Keep it simple—use separate panels
– Related data in panels
• Label all parts of figures
• Legends must be able to ‘stand alone’
Manuscript structure
Discussion
What do your findings mean?
The answer to this question should be in
your Discussion
Beginning  Middle  End
Bulduklarınızın anlamı nedir?
Manuscript structure
•
•
•
•
Discussion Beginning
Avoid just restating results
Answer the research question(s) posed
Emphasize your major finding(s) first
State your major conclusion
– Based on results presented
Manuscript structure
Discussion Middle
• Interpret your results
– Compare with other studies
• Same or different?
• Explain unexpected results
• Describe limitations
– How could the study be improved?
Manuscript structure
Discussion End
• Restate major conclusion(s)
– In summary …
or
In conclusion …
• Possible applications and implications
• Suggest future work
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
Reader expectations
• Information is easier to
understand when placed
where most readers
expect to find it
• Good writers are aware of
these expectations
Gopen and Swan, American Scientist 1990, 78:550‒558.
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
Your reader should …
Only have to read once
Not have to read slowly
Understand your logic
immediately
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
1. Verb placement
• Readers expect verbs to closely follow subjects
Sentence
Subject
Verb
Subject & verb far apart = poor readability
Gopen and Swan, American Scientist 1990, 78:550‒558.
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
1. Verb placement
• Readers want verbs to closely follow subjects
Sentence
Subject
Verb
Okuyucular özneden sonra hemen yüklemin gelmesini
bekleyecektir
Gopen and Swan, American Scientist 1990, 78:550‒558.
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
Avoid reader confusion
• Readers become confused if subject and verb
are separated by too much content
The smallest ORF, a 105-nucleotide reading frame found
in the third intron of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
β2 subunit gene, was found to be expressed in response
to long-term treatment with 1 μM cytochalasin D.
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
Avoid reader confusion
The smallest ORF, a 105-nucleotide reading frame found in the third intron of
the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β2 subunit gene, was found to be expressed
in response to long-term treatment with 1 μM cytochalasin D.
The smallest ORF was found to be expressed in response to longterm treatment with 1 μM cytochalasin D. This ORF is a 105nucleotide reading frame found in the third intron of the nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor β2 subunit gene.
We found the smallest ORF was expressed in response to longterm treatment with 1 μM cytochalasin D. This ORF …
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
Which voice?
• Active or passive?
– Blood samples were collected from 256 patients.
– We collected blood from 256 patients.
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
2. Active voice
Subject
Verb
Active voice
• Sentences written in the active voice are:
simple
direct
clear
easy to read
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
Active voice is preferred
ACS Style Guide
“Use the active voice when it is less wordy and more
direct than the passive”. (3rd ed., pg. 42)
APA Style
“Use the active voice rather than the passive voice…”.
Chicago Style
Guide
“As a matter of style, passive voice is typically, but not
always, inferior to active voice”. (15th ed., pg. 177)
AMA Manual of
Style
“In general, authors should use the active voice…”.
Nature
“Nature journals prefer authors to
write in the active voice…”.
www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/effective-verb-use.aspx
(10th ed., pg. 320)
www.nature.com/authors/author_resources/how_write.html
Mümkünse etken çatı kullanın
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
3. Stress position
• Readers focus on information at the end of a
sentence.
Subject
Verb
Stress position
Gopen and Swan, American Scientist 1990, 78:550‒558.
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
Stress position
The dog sat when her mistress offered a treat.
The dog sat when a treat was offered by her mistress.
When the mistress offered her a treat, the dog sat.
Okuyucular, doğrudan önemli kısmın cümle
sonunda olmasını bekler
Gopen and Swan, American Scientist 1990, 78:550‒558.
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
4. Topic position
• Readers expect a sentence/phrase to be a story
about whoever shows up first
Topic position
Subject
Verb
Stress position
Gopen and Swan, American Scientist 1990, 78:550‒558.
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
Topic position
sentence
idea
idea
idea
idea
Topic link
• Linkage and context
The family went into the courtyard to see the new
puppy. The dog sat when her owner offered a treat.
Everyone was so excited they broke into applause.
However, as the courtyard was situated right next to
my bedroom, the sound woke me from my sleep.
Gopen and Swan, American Scientist 1990, 78:550‒558.
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
5. Short sentences
Reading once…
4% of readers can understand a 27-word sentence
75% of readers can understand a 17-word sentence
Pinner and Pinner (1998) Communication Skills
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
5. Short sentences
Reading once…
4% of readers can understand a 27-word sentence
75% of readers can understand a 17-word sentence
Pinner and Pinner (1998) Communication Skills
Goals to aim for:
One idea per sentence
Maximum 25 words per sentence
Less than four 30-word sentences in the manuscript
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
Simple is best
• Simple language is best
• Makes your work more relevant
• Minimizes confusion—maximizes
understanding
• More people will understand your work
– More citations!
Coverage
Readerand
Staffing Plan
expectations
Help your readers
understand
“If you can’t explain something simply,
you don’t understand it well.”
– Albert Einstein
• Write to express not impress
• Consider your audience – their
native language may not be
English
Coverage
Cover letters
and
Staffing Plan
Cover letters
Significance
Relevance
Why your work
is important
First impression for
journal editors
Level of
English
Coverage
Cover letters
and
Staffing Plan
The purpose of cover
letters
• Introduces manuscript to journal editor
• A guide for the editor
• ‘Sells’ your work
Coverage
Cover letters
and
Staffing Plan
Bad example
Not personal
Çok genel
Dear Editor-in-Chief,
I am sending you our manuscript entitled “Techniques to detect
circoviruses in Australian bird species” by Raye et al. We would like to
have the manuscript considered for publication in Virology Methods
Online.
Please let me know of your decision at your earliest convenience.
Sincerely yours,
No information about the manuscript
Warren Raye, PhD
Too short
Coverage
Cover letters
and
Staffing Plan
Provide details
Address editor
personally
Manuscript title/
publication type
Background,
rationale, results
General guidelines
Why are your
findings important?
Corresponding
author details
Reviewer
recommendations
Coverage
Cover letters
and
Staffing Plan
Original and
unpublished
Always include
Not currently under
consideration by
other journals
Authors agree on
manuscript/journal
“Must-have”
statements
No conflicts of
interest
Source of
funding
Authorship
contributions
Coverage
Cover letters
and
Staffing Plan
A good cover letter
Dear Dr Graeber,
Please find enclosed our manuscript entitled “Amyloid-like inclusions in the brains of Huntington’s disease patients”, by
McGowan et al., which we would like to submit for publication as a Research Paper in Neurogenetics.
Recent immunohistochemical studies have revealed the presence of neuronal inclusions containing an N-terminal portion of
the mutant huntingtin protein and ubiquitin in the brain tissues of Huntington’s disease (HD) patients; however, the role of
these inclusions in the disease process has remained unclear. One suspected disease-causing mechanism in Huntington’s
disease and other polyglutamine disorders is the potential for the mutant protein to undergo a conformational change to a
more stable anti-parallel β-sheet structure…
Give the
background to
the research
To confirm if the immunohistochemically observed huntingtin- and ubiquitin-containing inclusions display amyloid features, we
performed Congo red staining and both polarizing and confocal microscopy on post-mortem human brain tissues obtained
from five HD patients, two AD patients, and two normal controls. Congo red staining revealed a small number of amyloid-like
inclusions showing green birefringence by polarized microscopy, in a variety of cortical regions.... ….detected inclusions
observed in parallel sections, suggesting that only a relatively small proportion of inclusions in HD adopt an amyloid-like
structure.
What was
done and what
was found
We believe our findings will be of particular interest to the readership of Neurogenetics, which includes researchers and
clinicians studying the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we feel that your
journal provides the most suitable platform for the dissemination of our work to the research community.
Interest to
journal’s readers
Please address all correspondence to….
Daha belirgin
Academic publishing
The process
Peer review
Results novel?
Topic relevant?
Manuscript +
cover letter
Editor
New experiments
Improve readability
Add information
Reject
Accepted—
publication!
Revision
Peer
Publisher
review
Adaptations
Publication path
Find new
journal
Revise
manuscript
Decision
letter
Resubmit
Rejected
Respond to
comments
Peer
Publisher
review
Adaptations
Decision letter
Editor decisions
Reviewer
comments
Peer
Publisher
review
Adaptations
Findings well
communicated?
Decision letter
Editor decisions
Level of revisions
needed?
Reviewers in
agreement?
Reviewer
comments
Peer
Publisher
review
Adaptations
Findings well
communicated?
Editor decisions
Level of revisions
needed?
Reviewers in
agreement?
Reviewer
comments
Decision letter
Reject
Will be
considered
Accept
Significant flaws
Major/minor revisions
Rare
Peer
Publisher
review
Adaptations
Point-by-point
Polite &
professional
Respond to every
comment
Revision
Easy to see
changes
Refer to line and page numbers
Use a different color font
Highlight the text
Peer
Publisher
review
Adaptations
Revision
• Conduct additional experiments and
analyses as suggested
– If this is impossible, you must explain why
• You can disagree with reviewers
• Comply with deadlines
Peer
Publisher
review
Adaptations
How to disagree
The Reviewer has completely misunderstood our paper. This
Reviewer is a poor choice for our manuscript. Please send our
manuscript to another Reviewer.
Poor response
Impolite
The Reviewer’s comment is important in time-resolved systems.
However, our model is concerned with steady-state dynamics;
therefore, the fast femtosecond lifetimes are negligible. We have
clarified this misunderstanding by adding two sentences in the
revised manuscript on page 3, lines 2–7.
Better response
Justification
Peer
Publisher
review
Adaptations
Point-by-point responses
Reviewer comment: Some additional fluorescence data are
required to determine the intrinsic radiative singlet decays.
Changes made
Response: In accordance with your suggestion, we have
provided the fluorescence spectra in the Supporting
Information. Our time-resolved measurements obtained the
intrinsic radiative rates in accordance with the Smith model
[Smith et al, 2011]. We have added two sentences (page 3,
lines 5–10) to explain our analysis and Smith’s model (Ref.
15, page 3, line 8).
Location of changes in
revised manuscript
Peer
Publisher
review
Adaptations
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Revised manuscript
“…The steady-state fluorescence spectra shown in Figure 4,
show vibronic structure. Re-adsorption effects are
negligible by using solutions with ODs less than 0.1. The
radiative and non-radiative lifetimes are independent of the
initial intensity of the emitted light. The fluorescence timeresolved spectra are given in the Supporting Information
(Figures S2 and S3). The fluorescence decay rates are
analyzed based on Smith’s model [15]. In this model the
effects of photon scattering from aggregated polymers in
solution are minimized.”
Peer
Publisher
review
Adaptations
Understanding reviewer
comments
“The English needs to be improved”
“Your writing is difficult to understand”
•
•
•
•
•
Grammar & spelling
Long, complex sentences and paragraphs
Gaps in the logic
Poor manuscript organization
Too much information
Peer
Publisher
review
Adaptations
Unclear comments
‘The authors conclude that the quantum yield
increases; however, they do not give the
The grammar
and for
spellingthe
is correct
in my manuscript’
fluorescence
rates
individual
polymers.
That is one of my concerns about this
methodology.’
What is the Reviewer asking?
What should the author do?
Peer
Publisher
review
Adaptations
Unclear comments
‘The authors conclude that the quantum yield
increases; however, they do not give the
The grammar
and for
spellingthe
is correct
in my manuscript’
fluorescence
rates
individual
polymers.
That is one of my concerns about this
methodology.’
‘Why didn’t the authors provide the fluorescence rates?’
Peer
Publisher
review
Adaptations
Unclear comments
‘The authors conclude that the quantum yield
increases; however, they do not give the
The grammar
and for
spellingthe
is correct
in my manuscript’
fluorescence
rates
individual
polymers.
That is one of my concerns about this
methodology.’
The authors should provide the fluorescence rates
OR
Justify why the rates have not been given
Peer
Publisher
review
Adaptations
Conflicting reviewer
comments
Reviewer 1: Please provide additional absorption spectra for the
individual dendrimers.
Reviewer 2: I do not think that the absorption spectra for the
individual dendrimers are necessary; however, the authors
should provide the transmission curves for the device.
Agree with a
Reviewer
Justify reason
Contact Editor
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Good luck!
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