Lesson 1 - On Learning Hebrew < The Hebrew Café
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Transcript Lesson 1 - On Learning Hebrew < The Hebrew Café
The Hebrew Café
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Textbook: Cook & Holmstedt’s Biblical Hebrew: A Student Grammar (2009)
Found here online: http://individual.utoronto.ca/holmstedt/Textbook.html
The Hebrew Café
Slide 2
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• Last week’s lesson covered a lot of information regarding both nouns (in
Hebrew, )שמֹות ֶע ֶצם
ְׁ and verbs (that is, )פ ָע ִלים.
ְׁ
• With nouns, we learned that they can be either masculine or feminine.
Gender normally follows the natural gender of the noun. For example, a
boy is masculine and a girl is feminine.
• But there is also grammatical gender for all other nouns. For example, the
Hebrew word for “table” ()ש ְׁל ָחן
ֻׁ is masculine, while the Hebrew word for
“door” ()ד ֶלת
ֶּ֫ ֶ is feminine. Grammatical gender cannot be justified by logic.
It just has to be learned.
• There is nothing in Hebrew that corresponds to neuter, for which we use
“it” in English. Literally everything is assigned a gender!
The Hebrew Café
Slide 3
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• Continuing with nouns, we learned that there are normal patterns for the
endings. Most masculine nouns take an -im suffix to form the plural. Thus,
we have ְׁמ ָל ִכיםthat comes from ֶֶּ֫מ ֶלְךand ְׁכ ָל ִביםfrom כ ֶלב.
ֶֶּ֫
• Most feminine nouns are marked with either heh ( )הor tav ( )תand take an
-ot suffix to form the plural. Thus, we have ְׁמ ָלכֹותfrom ַמ ְׁל ָכהand ְׁכ ָלבֹות
from כ ְׁל ָבה.
ַ
• You should expect changes in the vowel patterns as we go from singular to
plural. I can provide a list of regular changes (taken from Seow’s A
Grammar for Biblical Hebrew §III.2) should you request one.
• Almost all body parts are assigned the feminine gender. They are generally
unmarked in the singular (they have no heh or tav to mark them as
feminine). Their plural is often with the dual ending ()ַיִם.
The Hebrew Café
Slide 4
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• With regard to the Hebrew verb, we learned the singular forms. Every verb
form is marked for gender in Hebrew. We have to be able to identify a
form’s person (first, second or third), number (singular or plural) and
gender (masculine or feminine).
• First person is the speaker (in English, either “I” or “we”). Second person
is the hearer (always translated as “you” in English). Third person is the
object of the speech, the one being spoken of (that is, “he,” “she,” “it” or
“they”).
• “I,” “you,” “he,” “she” and “it” are singular. “We,” “you” and “they” are
plural. Notice the ambiguity in the English “you.” In Hebrew, this
ambiguity is resolved. There are forms for masculine and feminine
singular, as well as masculine and feminine plural.
The Hebrew Café
Slide 5
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• In the previous lesson, we learned only the singular forms. Lesson 4
exercise 3 asked you to conjugate five verbs. Here are the answers:
ָש ֶַּ֫מ ְׁר ִתי
ָפ ַ ֶּ֫ק ְׁד ִתי
ָש ַמ ְׁר ְׁת
ָש ֶַּ֫מ ְׁר ָת
ָ ָֽׁש ְׁמ ָרה
ָש ַמר
זָ ֶַּ֫כ ְׁר ִתי
ָמ ֶּ֫ ַל ְׁכ ִתי
ָמ ַל ְׁכ ְׁת
ָמ ֶּ֫ ַל ְׁכ ָת
ָ ָֽׁמ ְׁל ָכה
ָמ ַלְך
ָפ ַק ְׁד ְׁת
ָפ ַ ֶּ֫ק ְׁד ָת
ָ ָֽׁפ ְׁק ָדה
ָפ ַקד
ָש ֶּ֫ ַפ ְׁט ִתי
זָ ַכ ְׁר ְׁת
זָ ֶַּ֫כ ְׁר ָת
ָש ַפ ְׁט ְׁת
ָש ֶּ֫ ַפ ְׁט ָת
ָז ְָֽׁׁכ ָרה
זָ ַכר
ָ ָֽׁש ְׁפ ָטה
ָש ַפט
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Slide 6
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The Hebrew Café
Slide 7
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• In the previous lesson we discussed the Hebrew noun and how it exhibits
number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine or feminine) in its form.
• In this lesson we must add to the options for “number.” There are some
words in Hebrew that take a dual ending rather than a plural one. Dual
simply means that there are “two.” We use it for things that naturally
comes in pairs.
• The dual ending is -áyim instead of the plural -im or -ot.
• The dual is very common in body parts:
ָכנָ ף > ְׁכנָ ֶּ֫ ַפיִ ם
ֶרגֶ ל > ַרגְׁ ֶּ֫ ַליִ ם
ַעיִ ן > ֵע ֶַּ֫יניִ ם
יָ ד > יָ ַ ֶּ֫דיִ ם
wings
legs
eyes
hands
• When learning vocab, you should learn the pl./du. along with the sing.
The Hebrew Café
Slide 8
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The Hebrew Café
Slide 9
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• So far we have learned the following forms in the qal system:
feminine
first person
second person
third person
masculine
I went
אֲ נִי ָה ֶּ֫ ַל ְׁכ ְׁתי
you (f.) went
you (m.) went
אַ תְּ ָה ַל ְׁכ ְׁת
אַ תָּ ה ָה ֶּ֫ ַל ְׁכ ָת
she went
he went
הִ יא ָ ָֽׁה ְׁל ָכה
הּוא ָה ַלְך
• To these singular forms, we now need to add the plural forms to complete
the qal paradigm.
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feminine
masculine
I captured
first person
second person
third person
first person
second person
third person
אֲ נִי ָל ֶַּ֫כ ְׁד ְׁתי
you (f.) captured
you (m.) captured
אַ תְּ ָל ַכ ְׁד ְׁת
אַ תָּ ה ָל ֶַּ֫כ ְׁד ָת
she captured
he captured
הִ יא ָ ָֽׁל ְׁכ ָדה
הּוא ָל ַכד
singular
we captured
אֲ ַַ֫נחנּו ָל ֶַּ֫כ ְׁדנּו
you (f.) captured
you (m.) captured
אַ תֶּ ן ְׁל ַכ ְׁד ֶתן
אַ תֶּ ם ְׁל ַכ ְׁד ֶתם
plural
they captured
הֵ ם\הֵ ן ָ ָֽׁל ְׁכדּו
The Hebrew Café
Slide 11
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feminine
I went
first person
second person
third person
אֲ נִי ָה ֶּ֫ ַל ְׁכ ְׁתי
you (f.) went
you (m.) went
אַ תְּ ָה ַל ְׁכ ְׁת
אַ תָּ ה ָה ֶּ֫ ַל ְׁכ ָת
she went
he went
הִ יא ָ ָֽׁה ְׁל ָכה
הּוא ָה ַלְך
third person
singular
we went
first person
second person
masculine
אֲ ַַ֫נחנּו ָה ֶּ֫ ַל ְׁכנּו
you (f.) went
you (m.) went
אַ תֶּ ן ֲה ַל ְׁכ ֶתן
אַ תֶּ ם ֲה ַל ְׁכ ֶתם
plural
they went
הֵ ם\הֵ ן ָ ָֽׁה ְׁלכּו
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Slide 12
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The Hebrew Café
Slide 13
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The fifth lesson’s goals are basically as follows:
• Noun concepts:
In addition to singular and plural, Hebrew has a dual form.
This form is created by adding -áyim instead of -im or -ot.
• Verb concepts:
The plural forms of the binyan qal.
Notice the endings for ַא ֶתםand א ֶתן,
ַ which pull the stress to the end.
Look for vowel changes in the structure of the verb.
The Hebrew Café
Slide 14
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The Hebrew Café
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Textbook: Cook & Holmstedt’s Biblical Hebrew: A Student Grammar (2009)
Found here online: http://individual.utoronto.ca/holmstedt/Textbook.html