Transcript Grammar Point: Definite and indefinite articles

Grammar Point:
Imperfect Tense Regular Verbs
-ar verb endings
Yo
-aba
Tú
-abas
Ud.
Él
-aba
Ella
Nosotros
Nosotras -ábamos
___ y yo
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
-aban
-er and -ir verbs
Yo
-ía
Tú
-ías
Ud.
Él
-ía
Ella
Nosotros
Nosotras -íamos
___ y yo
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
-ían
Grammar Point:
Imperfect Tense Irregular Verbs
ser
ir
Nosotros
Yo
era
Tú
eras
Ud.
Él
Ella
Nosotras
___ y yo
Nosotros
éramos
Uds.
era
Ellos
Ellas
Yo
iba
Tú
ibas
Ud.
eran
ver
Él
Ella
veía
Tú
veías
Ud.
Él
Ella
Nosotras
___ y yo
iba
veíamos
Uds.
veía
Ellos
Ellas
íbamos
Uds.
Nosotros
Yo
Nosotras
___ y yo
veían
Ellos
Ellas
iban
Grammar Point:
Indirect Object Pronouns
(to / for me)
me
(to / for you)
te
(to / for him)
le
(to / for her)
(to / for you – Ud.)
(to / for us)
(to / for them)
nos
les
(to / for you all – Uds.)
• Look to see if there is an “a …….” and base the indirect object pronoun
on what comes after the “a ……..”, NOT on the subject of the sentence.
Grammar Point:
When to Use the Imperfect
• The imperfect tells about past actions that were
ongoing, happened repeatedly or had no specific
beginning or end
• To describe background information
• To express weather, tell time or someone’s age in
the past
• To describe physical and mental states and
conditions, including feelings
• To express habitual actions or what “used to”
happen (like when talking about memories)
• To express what was happening (ongoing action)
when something else interrupted
Grammar Point:
Imperfect “Trigger” Words
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
a menudo – often
a veces – sometimes
cada día – each day
cada semana
cada mes
cada año
nunca – never
•
•
•
•
•
•
frecuentemente
generalmente
por lo general
muchas veces
de vez en cuando
siempre - always
Grammar Point:
Preterite Tense Regular Verbs
-ar verb endings
Yo
-é
Tú
-aste
Ud.
Él
-ó
Ella
Nosotros
Nosotras -amos
___ y yo
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
-aron
-er and -ir verbs
Yo
-í
Tú
-iste
Ud.
Él
-ió
Ella
Nosotros
Nosotras -imos
___ y yo
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
-ieron
Grammar Point:
When to use Preterite
• When an action was completed
• When an action was completed at a
specific time
• When an action was completed a specific
number of times
• When an action began or ended
• When an action interrupts another action
Grammar Point:
Preterite “Trigger” Words
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ayer
anoche
desde el primer momento
el otro día
en ese momento
entonces
esta mañana/tarde/noche
•
•
•
•
•
hace # días
hace # años
la semana pasada
el mes pasado
el año pasado
Grammar Point:
Reciprocal Actions
• Express the idea “to each other”
Nosotros
Nosotras
___ y yo
nos + verb
(use nosotros ending for verb)
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
2+ people
se + verb
(use ellos/ellas/Uds. ending for verb)
Grammar Point:
Irregular Preterite Verbs
• Some verbs have a spelling change in the
preterite such as oír, leer, creer, & destruir
leer
oír
Yo
oí
Tú
oíste
Ud.
Él
oyó
Ella
Nosotros
Nosotras oímos
___ y yo
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
oyeron
Yo
leí
Tú
leíste
Ud.
Él
leyó
Ella
Nosotros
Nosotras leímos
___ y yo
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
leyeron
Grammar Point:
Irregular Preterite Verbs (continued)
• Some verbs have a spelling change in the
preterite such as oír, leer, creer, & destruir
destruir
creer
Yo
creí
Nosotros
Nosotras
___ y yo
creímos
destruí
Tú destruíste
Tú creíste
Ud.
Él creyó
Ella
Yo
Nosotros
Nosotras destruímos
___ y yo
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
creyeron
Ud.
Él destruyó
Ella
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
destruyeron
Grammar Point:
Irregular Preterite Verbs (continued)
• Some verbs have a spelling change in the
stem and a unique set of endings as well:
Verb
Meaning
Preterite Stem
tener
to have
tuv-
poder
to be able to
pud-
poner
to put or set
pus-
-e
estar
to be
estuv-
-iste
venir
to come
vin-
-o
hacer
To do or make
hic-
*see note
traer
to bring
traj-
**see note
decir
to say
dij-
**see note
Irregular Preterite Endings
*with the “o” ending, hacer is “hizo”
**dij- and traj- use the –eron ending for ellos, ellas and Uds.
-imos
-ieron / -eron**
Grammar Point:
Other Reflexive Verbs
These verbs have 2 parts and usually describe a change
in mental, emotional or physical state kind of the way we
say that someone “gets…” or “becomes…”
Part 1 – reflexive pronoun + Part 2 – conjugation of verb
(based on subject)
(based on subject)
Examples:
me
nos
te
se
se
aburrirse
casarse
divertirse
dormirse
enojarse
ponerse
volverse loco
to get bored
to get married
to have fun
to fall asleep
to become angry
to become...(adjective)
to go crazy
Grammar Point:
Stem-changing -ir Verbs in Preterite
• Some verbs have a spelling change only
with certain subjects but not with others:
Example: preferir (e → i)
preferí
preferimos
preferiste
prefirió
prefirieron
Other verbs that
follow this pattern:
mentir
divertirse
servir
despedirse
seguir
vestirse
pedir
sentirse
competir
repetir
Example: dormir (o → u)
dormí
dormimos
dormiste
durmió
durmieron
Other verbs that
follow this pattern:
morir
All of these verbs use
the normal preterite endings
-í
-imos
-iste
-ió
-ieron
Grammar Point:
Stem-changing -ir Verbs in Preterite
• The verbs reírse and sonreír have a unique
conjugation in the preterite:
reírse (to laugh)
me reí
nos reímos
te reíste
se rió
se rieron
sonreír (to smile)
sonreí
sonreímos
sonreíste
sonrió
sonrieron
Grammar Point:
Imperfect Progressive
This is a 2-part verb:
Part 1 – conjugation of estar
in the imperfect
estaba
estábamos
estabas
estaba
estaban
+ Part 2 – present participle
form of the verb*
–ar verbs:
–er / –ir verbs:
drop –ar, add –ando
drop –er / –ir, add –iendo
*Irregular present participles:
decir = diciendo
dormir = durmiendo
venir = viniendo
morir = muriendo
seguir = siguiendo
leer = leyendo
pedir = pidiendo
traer = trayendo
servir = sirviendo
creer = creyendo
repetir = repitiendo
vestir = vistiendo
Grammar Point:
Verbs that Use Indirect Object Pronouns
(to / for me)
me
(to / for you)
te
(to / for him) le
(to / for her)
(to / for you – Ud.)
(to / for us)
nos
(to / for them)
les
(to / for you all – Uds.)
• Look to see if there is an “a …….” and
choose the indirect object pronoun based
on what comes after the “a ……..”, NOT
on the subject of the sentence.
These verbs are conjugated NOT
for the person (subject) in the
sentence but for the thing or
things being talked about:
aburrir = to bore
gustar = to like
encantar = to love
fascinar = to fascinate
molestar = to bother
quedar = to fit
importar = to matter / be
important
Grammar Point:
Present Perfect
This is a 2-part verb:
Part 1 – conjugation of haber + Part 2 – past participle
in the present tense
form of the verb*
–ar verbs:
–er / –ir verbs:
he
drop –ar, add –ado
drop –er / –ir, add –ido
hemos
*Irregular past participles:
has
ha
han
decir (to say) = dicho (said)
hacer (to do/make) = hecho (done/made)
escribir (to write) = escrito (written)
volver (to return) = vuelto (returned)
devolver (to give back) = devuelto (gave back/returned)
caer (to fall) = caído (fallen)
creer (to believe) = creído (believed)
traer (to bring) = traído (brought)
leer (to read) = leído (read)
oir (to hear) = oído (heard)
morir (to die) = muerto (dead)
poner (to put/set) = puesto (put)
ver (to see) = visto (seen)
romper (to break) = roto (broken)