Transcript yod - byuhebrew.com

I-Yod: Imperfect and Related Forms
I-Yod: Imperfect and Related Forms
The two verbs ‫ יָשַׁ ב‬and ‫ י ַָׁרש‬represent the changes that occur when I- ‫י‬verbs are converted to the
imperfect inflection.
PNG
3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3mp
3fp
2mp
2fp
1cp
To write (standard)
To dwell
To inherit
‫יִכְּתׁב‬
‫י ֵשֵ ב‬
‫ּתִ כְּתׁב‬
‫ּתֵ שֵ ב‬
‫ּתִ כְּתׁב‬
‫ּתֵ שֵ ב‬
‫בי ּתִ כְּתְ בִי‬
ִִ ְ‫ּתֵ ש‬
‫אֶ כְּתׁב‬
‫אֵ שֵ ב‬
‫יִכְּתְ בּו‬
‫י ֵשְ בּו‬
‫בנה ּתִ כְּתׁבְנִה‬
ְִ ַׁ‫ּתֵ ש‬
‫ּתֵ שְ בּו ּתִ כְּתְ בּו‬
‫ּתֵ שַׁ ְבִנה ּתִ כְּתׁבְנִה‬
‫נִכְּתׁב‬
‫נֵשְ ב‬
‫ִירש‬
ַׁ ‫י‬
‫תִ ַׁירש‬
‫תִ ַׁירש‬
‫תִ ְיר ִשי‬
‫אִ ַׁירש‬
‫י ְִירשּו‬
‫תִ ַׁיר ְשנָה‬
‫תִ ְירשּו‬
‫תִ ַׁיר ְשנָה‬
‫ִירש‬
ַׁ ‫נ‬
In all imperfect forms of ‫ יָשַׁ ב‬,the
first root consonant yod disappears
and the prefix vowel is a tsere. The
yod in 3ms and 3mp is the imperfect
prefix, not the first root consonant.
In all imperfect forms of ‫יָשַׁ ב‬
without a suffix, the second root
consonant vowel is a tsere.
In all imperfect forms of ‫ י ַָׁרש‬,the
first root consonant yod is
preserved as part of the prefix
vowel hireq-yod
In all imperfect forms of ‫י ַָׁרש‬without
a suffix, the second root consonant
vowel is a patakh.
I-Yod: Imperfect and Related Forms
Compare the following imperfect and imperative forms of
Imperfect
2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
‫תֵּ שֵּ ב‬
‫תֵּ ְשבִ י‬
‫תֵּ ְשבּו‬
‫תֵּ שַׁ בְ נָה‬
‫תִ ַׁירש‬
‫תִ ְיר ִשי‬
‫תִ ְירשּו‬
‫תִ ַׁיר ְשנָה‬
‫ יָשַׁ ב‬and ‫י ַָׁרש‬.
Imperative
you will sit
you will sit
you will sit
you will sit
you will inherit
you will inherit
you will inherit
you will inherit
‫שֵּ ב‬
‫ְשבִ י‬
‫ְשבּו‬
‫שֵּ בְ נָה‬
(you) sit!
‫ַׁרש‬
‫ְר ִשי‬
‫ְרשּו‬
‫ַׁר ְשנָה‬
(you) inherit!
(you) sit!
(you) sit!
(you) sit!
(you) inherit!
(you) inherit!
(you) inherit!
In both types of I- ‫י‬verbs, the first root consonant yod disappears in the imperative form, which is
why the imperative form is considered a short form.
I-Yod: Imperfect and Related Forms
Consider the following infinitive construct forms of
To dwell
To inherit
‫ יָשַׁ ב‬and ‫י ַָׁרש‬.
I-‫י‬Verbs
Infinitive Construct
‫יָשַׁ ב‬
‫י ַָׁרש‬
‫שֶׁ בֶׁ ת‬
‫ֶׁרשֶׁ ת‬
Both types of I- ‫י‬verbs lose the first root consonant yod.
Both types of I- ‫י‬verbs add a tav to the end of the verb.
The I- ‫י‬verb infinitive construct vowel pattern is segol-segol.
Some I- ‫י‬verbs follow the standard vowel patterns of infinitive construct covered in Lesson 28
and demonstrated in the following examples:
To fear
To sleep
I- ‫י‬Verbs
Infinitive Construct
‫י ֵָּרא‬
‫יָשַׁ ן‬
‫ְירֹא‬
‫ְישֹן‬
I-Yod: Imperfect and Related Forms
3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3mp
3fp
2mp
2fp
1cp
2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
‫ישב‬
‫ידע‬
‫יצא‬
‫יכל‬
(to dwell)
(to know)
(to go out)
(to be able)
‫יֵּשֵּ ב‬
‫תֵּ שֵּ ב‬
‫תֵּ שֵּ ב‬
‫תֵּ ְשבִ י‬
‫אֵּ שֵּ ב‬
‫י ְֵּשבּו‬
‫תֵּ שַׁ בְ נָה‬
‫תֵּ ְשבּו‬
‫תֵּ שַׁ בְ נָה‬
‫נ ְֵּשב‬
‫י ֵַּׁדע‬
‫תֵּ ַׁדע‬
‫תֵּ ַׁדע‬
‫תֵּ ְדעִ י‬
‫אֵּ ַׁדע‬
‫י ְֵּדעּו‬
‫תֵּ ַׁדעְ נָה‬
‫תֵּ ְדעּו‬
‫תֵּ ַׁדעְ נָה‬
‫נ ֵַּׁדע‬
‫יֵּצֵּ א‬
‫תֵּ צַׁ א‬
‫תֵּ צַׁ א‬
‫תֵּ צְ אִ י‬
‫אֵּ צֵּ א‬
‫יֵּצְ אּו‬
‫תֵּ צֶׁ אנָה‬
‫תֵּ צְ אּו‬
‫תֵּ צֶׁ אנָה‬
‫נֵּצֵּ א‬
‫יּוכַׁל‬
‫תּוכַׁל‬
‫תּוכַׁל‬
‫תּוכְ לִ י‬
‫אּוכַׁל‬
‫יּוכְ לּו‬
‫תּוכַׁלְ נָה‬
‫תּוכְ לּו‬
‫תּוכַׁלְ נָה‬
‫נּוכְ ל‬
‫שֵּ ב‬
‫ְשבִ י‬
‫ְשבּו‬
‫שֵּ בְ נָה‬
‫ַׁדע‬
‫ְדעִ י‬
‫ְדעּו‬
‫ַׁדעְ נָה‬
‫צֵּ א‬
‫צְ אִ י‬
‫צְ אּו‬
‫צְ אֶׁ נָה‬
‫כַׁל‬
‫כְ לִ י‬
‫כְ לּו‬
‫כַׁלְ נָה‬
The verb ‫ ידע‬has two weaknesses: I-yod
and III-guttural. The III-guttural lengthens
the expected tsere of the second root
consonant to a patakh.
The verb ‫ יצא‬has two weaknesses: I-yod
and III-aleph. Like the III-guttural, the IIIaleph lengthens the expected tsere of the
second root consonant to a patakh. Also,
the III-aleph refuses the shewa in the 3fp
and 2fp.
The verb ‫( יכל‬to be able) demonstrates
variations from the usual I-yod paradigm.
Note the shureq vowel in the imperfect
prefix for ‫יָכֹ ל‬.
I-Yod: Imperfect and Related Forms
Some I- ‫י‬verbs follow the imperfect pattern for I- ‫ נ‬verbs. Compare the following I- ‫י‬verbs ‫ יצק‬and
‫ יצר‬with the I-ִ‫נ‬verb ‫נָפַׁ ל‬.
3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
1cs
3mp
3fp
2mp
2fp
1cp
‫ישב‬
‫יצק‬
‫יצר‬
‫נפל‬
(to dwell)
(to pour)
(to form)
(to fall)
‫י ֵשֵ ב‬
‫ּתֵ שֵ ב‬
‫ּתֵ שֵ ב‬
‫בי‬
ִִ ְ‫ּתֵ ש‬
‫אֵ שֵ ב‬
‫י ֵשְ בּו‬
‫בנ ה‬
ְִ ַׁ‫ּתֵ ש‬
‫ּתֵ שְ בּו‬
‫בנ ה‬
ְִ ַׁ‫ּתֵ ש‬
‫נֵשְ ב‬
‫י ִצ ֹּק‬
‫ּתִ צ ֹּק‬
‫ּתִ צ ֹּק‬
‫ּתִ צְקִִי‬
‫אֶ צ ֹּק‬
‫יִצְקּו‬
‫ּתִ צ ֹּקְ נִה‬
‫ּתִ צְקּו‬
‫ּתִ צ ֹּקְ נִה‬
‫נִצ ֹּק‬
‫י ִצ ֹּר‬
‫י ִּפׁל‬
‫ּתִ צ ֹּר‬
‫ּתִ ּפׁל‬
‫ּתִ צ ֹּר‬
‫ּתִ ּפׁל‬
‫ּתִ צְרִִי‬
‫ּתִ ּפְ ִִלי‬
‫אֶ צ ֹּר‬
‫אֶ ּפׁל‬
‫יִצְרּו‬
‫יִּפְ לּו‬
‫ּתִ ּפׁ ְִלנה ּתִ צ ְֹּרנִה‬
‫ּתִ צְרּו‬
‫ּתִ ּפְלּו‬
‫ּתִ ּפׁ ְִלנה ּתִ צ ְֹּרנִה‬
‫נִצ ֹּר‬
‫נִּפׁל‬
The I-yod and the I-nun both
assimilate into the second root
consonant. Note the dagesh in
the second root consonant
representing the assimilated yod
or nun.
Familiarity with ‫ יצק‬and ‫ יצר‬will
help identify these verbs as I-yod
instead of I-nun.
I-Yod: Imperfect and Related Forms
The verb ‫ הָ לְַׁך‬is unusual because
it follows the inflection pattern
for I-yod verbs. Compare ‫הלְך‬
with the I-yod verb ‫ישב‬.
3ms
3fs
2ms
2fs
Because of its frequency in the Hebrew
Bible, ‫ הָ לְַׁך‬should be studied carefully
for ready recognition.
1cs
3mp
3fp
I-he of ‫ הלְך‬is lost throughout the
imperfect conjugation.
2mp
2fp
1cp
The vowel of the second root consonant is
a tsere.
The vowel of the imperfect prefix is a
tsere.
2ms
2fs
2mp
2fp
‫ֵּילְֵּך‬
‫תֵּ לְֵּך‬
‫תֵּ לְֵּך‬
‫תֵּ לְ כִ י‬
‫אֵּ לְֵּך‬
‫יֵּלְ כּו‬
‫תֵּ לַׁכְ נָה‬
‫תֵּ לְ כּו‬
‫תֵּ לַׁכְ נָה‬
‫ֵּנלְֵּך‬
‫לְֵּך‬
‫לְ כִ י‬
‫לְ כּו‬
‫לֵּכְ נָה‬
to walk
‫יֵּשֵּ ב‬
‫תֵּ שֵּ ב‬
‫תֵּ שֵּ ב‬
‫תֵּ ְשבִ י‬
‫אֵּ שֵּ ב‬
‫י ְֵּשבּו‬
‫תֵּ שַׁ בְ נָה‬
‫תֵּ ְשבּו‬
‫תֵּ שַׁ בְ נָה‬
‫נ ְֵּשב‬
‫שֵּ ב‬
‫ְשבִ י‬
‫ְשבּו‬
‫שֵּ בְ נָה‬
to sit/dwell