Transcript Grammar Notes

Unit 6
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question

What are punctuation marks?
Review
Punctuation Marks
Symbols that indicate the structure and organization of
written language, as well as intonation and pauses to be
observed when reading aloud.
The Basic Types of Punctuation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The period
The question Mark
Exclamation point
Comma
Semicolons
The Colon
The Dash
The Hyphen
Ellipses
10. Asterisks
11. Quotations
12. Parenthesis
13. Brackets
14. Underlining and Italics
15. Apostrophe
9.
Summary –
 What
 Use
are punctuation marks?
your notes to answer the
question in one sentence.
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question
 How
is the period used in the sentence?
The period.
The period is a straightforward punctuation mark.
Everyone knows a period ends a sentence that is
a statement, but the period—unlike
the other punctuation marks—can do more than
just mark the end of a sentence.
The period.
The period is a straightforward punctuation mark.
Everyone knows a period ends a sentence that is
a statement, but the period—unlike
the other punctuation marks—can do more than
just mark the end of a sentence.
The period.
What else????????.
Abbreviation - Any shortened form of a word
is an abbreviation.
The period.
What else????????.
Some abbreviations are more commonly used
than the actual words.
The period.
When you have an abbreviation at the end
of a sentence, don’t use a second period.
More on abbreviations …
Acronyms - a special kind of abbreviation.
- made from the first letter (or letters) of a
string of words but are pronounced as if they
were words themselves .
What else????????.
Some acronyms have become such accepted
words that they are written with lowercase
letters, and many people do not know that they
are acronyms.
No Strict Rules with Acronyms – Only ---Be Consistent
Initialisms

These too are made
from the first letter
(or letters) of a string
of words, but they
don’t make
pronounceable
words.




FBI
CIA
FYI
PR
No Strict Rules with Initialisms – Only ---Be Consistent
Summary –
 How
is the period used in the
sentence?
 Use
your notes to answer this
question in 3 or more sentences.
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question

How is the question mark used in sentences?
The question mark
There are trickier scenarios
Questions Masquerading as Statements

Sometimes direct questions are tricky because they can
look like statements, and the only way to tell your reader
otherwise is to add a question mark. There is a big
difference in the meaning of the following sentences.
The question mark makes it a direct question that shows surprise.
Statements with Tag Questions

What about those little questions that come at the end of
statements?
Bits like did you and isn’t it are called the tag
questions, and they turn the whole sentence into a
question, so use a question mark at the end.
Indirect Questions

Do you have a curious nature? Do you wonder about
things? When you wonder, your statements may sound
like questions , but they are not direct questions, they’re
indirect questions, and they don’t take a question mark.
Bits like did you and isn’t it are called the tag
questions, and they turn the whole sentence into a
question, so use a question mark at the end.
Indirect Questions Mixed with Direct Questions

It gets really crazy when you starte to mix direct and
indirect questions. There are multiple ways to writes
these.
Usually a comma after the first clause and a question
mark after the direct question.
Some style guides allow you to capitalize the first word in the
direct question even though it comes in the middle of a sentence :
Some use a colon:
The Polite Question

Sometimes your sentence looks like a question, but it is
merely being polite. If you are writing a polite command,
you do not need a question mark.
Summary –
 How
is the question mark used in
sentences?

Use notes to answer
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Questions

How is the exclamation point used in a sentence?
What are the three punctuation marks that are
used to end sentences?
The Exclamation Point .

The exclamation point adds emphasis and indicates a
strong emotion—surprise, panic, urgency, pain, horror.
The point


Do not overuse
Reduce your credibility
 That
marks the end of talking about the
END of sentences –
 Next
up The guts of the sentence ---
Summary –

How is the exclamation point used in a
sentence? What are the three punctuation
marks that are used to end sentences?
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question

What are commas, and how are they used in
sentences?
The comma—the most versatile (and therefore
confusing) punctuation mark in the English
language .
The Serial Comma



The serial comma comes before the final conjunction in a
list.
Whether to use a serial comma is a style decision.
Though not always necessary, it is generally good to use
it. It helps to avail any confusion..
 Aardvark
and Squiggly love chocolate,
hiking, and fishing.
 Aardvark
and Squiggly love chocolate,
hiking and fishing.
The Serial Comma
 Squiggly
was proud of his new muffin
recipes: blueberry, peanut butter and
chocolate chip and coconut.
 Squiggly
was proud of his new muffin
recipes: blueberry, peanut butter, and
chocolate chip and coconut.
 Squiggly
was proud of his new muffin
recipes: blueberry, peanut butter and
chocolate chip, and coconut.
Adjectives and Commas

Using commas with multiple adjectives is another
challenge; fortunately, the rules are straightforward.
1. Can you put the word and between the adjectives
and have the sentence still make sense?
2. Can you reverse the order of the adjectives
and have the sentence still make sense?
Adjectives and Commas
 Aardvark
is a hairy and small mamma.
 Aardvark
is a small and hairy mammal.
 Aardvark
is a small, hairy mammal.
 Squiggly
found four green Easter eggs.
 Squiggly
found green four Easter eggs.
 Squiggly
found Easter green four eggs.
 Squiggly
found green Easter four eggs.
Adjectives and Commas

Using commas with multiple adjectives is another
challenge; fortunately, the rules are straightforward.
1. Can you put the word and between the adjectives
and have the sentence still make sense?
2. Can you reverse the order of the adjectives
and have the sentence still make sense?
The “ly” Adjective Challenge

Sometimes you will use adjectives that look like adverbs.
That’s a challenge. If the word is and adjective, you will
use a comma.
Aardvark took a long daily run.
Aardvark trains hard daily.
Aardvark trains daily hard.
The “ly” Adjective Challenge
Squiggly is a friendly yellow beast.
Aardvark is a fiercely loyal friend.
Aardvark is a loyal fiercely friend.
Aardvark is a fiercely and loyal friend.
Summary –
 What
are commas, and how are they
used in sentences?
 Please
answer this question in
your summary box.
Commas and Coordinating Conjunctions

One of the most common places to use commas is where
two main clauses (independent clauses) are connected
by a coordinating conjunction. You usually need a comma
before the conjunction.
Squiggly ran to the forest and Aardvark chased the squirrels.
Squiggly ran to the forest but Aardvark chased the squirrels.
Squiggly ran to the forest and chased the squirrels.
Commas and Coordinating Conjunctions
Squiggly cowered under a rock but felt brave.
Commas and Coordinating Conjunctions
And I love the holidays.
And despite the extra work I love the holidays.
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question
 What
is a comma splice, and how are
commas related to run on sentences?
Never Comma Splice
Do not use a comma between two independent
clauses (sentences) without a conjunction. It is an
error called a comma splice, or a comma fault.
It is easy to see why it is called a comma slice:
the comma is used to slice together two complete
sentences when that is not the function of a
comma.
Squiggly ran to the forest, Aardvark chased the squirrels.
 (where
is the coordinating conjunction?
Ahhggg – this is soooo wrong)
Run-on Sentences
Run-on sentences are, in some ways, the
opposite of comma splices. Instead of using the
wrong punctuation, they occur when you don’t
use any punctuation between sentences. They
are just sentences smashed together without any
punctuation. Sometimes they are called fused
sentences.
You’re over halfway through this course
you should be smarter by now.
(Ahhggg – this is a run-on sentence, an EPIC
FAIL)
Summary –
 What
is the
difference
between a
comma splice,
and run-on
sentences?
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question
How
are commas used with
subordinating conjunctions and
with conditional Sentences?
Commas and Subordinating Conjunctions
 Subordinating
conjunctions join
subordinate (or dependent) clauses
to the main clause.
Commas and Subordinating Conjunctions
When
the dependent clause
comes first, use a comma!
Commas and Subordinating Conjunctions
 When
the dependent clause comes
last, DO NOT use a comma!
Commas and Subordinating Conjunctions
Commas and Subordinating Conjunctions

When the two parts of the sentence are in stark contrast,
a comma is used. (Commas are often used to mark
contrast when they would otherwise be left out.)
Commas and the Conditional Sentence

Conditional sentences have an if clause, such as, If you
have any questions, let me know. The action depends
on something else.
If you have any questions, let me know means
that you will let me know only if you have questions
Like dependent clauses, the rule for the conditional sentence is
when the “if clause” is at the beginning of the sentence, you need
a comma. When the “if clause” is at the end of the sentence, you
don’t need a comma.
Conditional Clauses
If you have any questions let me know.
Let me know if you have any questions.
Note: Sometimes when is
Used instead of if.
Summary –

How are commas used with subordinating
conjunctions and with conditional
Sentences?
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question

How are commas used with interjections,
direct address, dates, numbers, locations,
e.g. and I.E., and quotations?
Commas with Interjections

Interjections at the beginning of sentences are followed by
commas (or exclamation points if you want to be more
dramatic, or periods if you want to be more final).
Commas with Direct Address : You Talkin’ to Me?

In dialogue, use commas when directly addressing
someone by name. Depending on how you write the
sentence, the comma will be before of after the name.
Commas and Dates

When writing out a date, separate the day of the
month from the year with a comma. Also use a
comma after the year.
Commas and Numbers

Insert a commas when numbers are over 999, such
as 1,203. This rule does not apply to dates.
Commas and Locations

Commas are necessary when writing about a city and
state. The comma goes after the city and after the
state.
E.G. and I.E.
 If
you use abbreviations e.g. and i.e.,
use a comma afterward; e.g. and i.e.,
are both abbreviations for Latin
terms.
E.G. and I.E.
 E.g.
means “for example, so use it to
introduce an example.”
E.G. and I.E.
 I.e.
means “this is” or “in other
words,” so use it to introduce further
clarification.
Commas and Quotations

You usually use commas to introduce
dialogue with tags such as he said
and she asked.
Commas and Quotations
 Don’t use a comma when the quotation flows as part
of the sentence—for example, when you introduce a
quotation with words such as that or begins with or
starts—thereby making the quotation part of your
sentence.
Summary –
 Summarize
what you have learned
about commas.
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question

Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?
Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.
Remember linking verbs?

When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste,
smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide
whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.

Consider the different meanings of these two sentences:
Summary –
 Critical
question --- Do action and linking
verbs take different modifiers?
 Adjectives follow linking verbs.
 Adjectives modify nouns.
 Adverbs modify action verbs.
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question

Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?
Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.
Remember linking verbs?

When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste,
smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide
whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.

Consider the different meanings of these two sentences:
Summary –
 Critical
question --- Do action and linking
verbs take different modifiers?
 Adjectives follow linking verbs.
 Adjectives modify nouns.
 Adverbs modify action verbs.
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question

Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?
Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.
Remember linking verbs?

When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste,
smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide
whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.

Consider the different meanings of these two sentences:
Summary –
 Critical
question --- Do action and linking
verbs take different modifiers?
 Adjectives follow linking verbs.
 Adjectives modify nouns.
 Adverbs modify action verbs.
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question

Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?
Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.
Remember linking verbs?

When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste,
smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide
whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.

Consider the different meanings of these two sentences:
Summary –
 Critical
question --- Do action and linking
verbs take different modifiers?
 Adjectives follow linking verbs.
 Adjectives modify nouns.
 Adverbs modify action verbs.
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question

Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?
Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.
Remember linking verbs?

When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste,
smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide
whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.

Consider the different meanings of these two sentences:
Summary –
 Critical
question --- Do action and linking
verbs take different modifiers?
 Adjectives follow linking verbs.
 Adjectives modify nouns.
 Adverbs modify action verbs.
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question

Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?
Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.
Remember linking verbs?

When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste,
smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide
whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.

Consider the different meanings of these two sentences:
Summary –
 Critical
question --- Do action and linking
verbs take different modifiers?
 Adjectives follow linking verbs.
 Adjectives modify nouns.
 Adverbs modify action verbs.
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question

Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?
Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.
Remember linking verbs?

When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste,
smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide
whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.

Consider the different meanings of these two sentences:
Summary –
 Critical
question --- Do action and linking
verbs take different modifiers?
 Adjectives follow linking verbs.
 Adjectives modify nouns.
 Adverbs modify action verbs.
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question

Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?
Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.
Remember linking verbs?

When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste,
smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide
whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.

Consider the different meanings of these two sentences:
Summary –
 Critical
question --- Do action and linking
verbs take different modifiers?
 Adjectives follow linking verbs.
 Adjectives modify nouns.
 Adverbs modify action verbs.
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question

Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?
Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.
Remember linking verbs?

When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste,
smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide
whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.

Consider the different meanings of these two sentences:
Summary –
 Critical
question --- Do action and linking
verbs take different modifiers?
 Adjectives follow linking verbs.
 Adjectives modify nouns.
 Adverbs modify action verbs.
Grammar Matters ------
GRAMMAR

Please take out your
notes for your
studies in Grammar
…
Critical Question

Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?
Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.
Remember linking verbs?

When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste,
smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide
whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.

Consider the different meanings of these two sentences:
Summary –
 Critical
question --- Do action and linking
verbs take different modifiers?
 Adjectives follow linking verbs.
 Adjectives modify nouns.
 Adverbs modify action verbs.
Grammar Matters ------