Transcript threads

Chapter 4: Threads
羅習五
Chapter 4: Threads
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Motivation and Overview
Multithreading Models
Threading Issues
Examples
– Pthreads
– Windows XP Threads
– Linux Threads
– Java Threads
Motivation the overhead of using processes
• Creating a new process needs many system
resources
– Process control block (TCB)
– xxx Control Block…
– Memory
–…
Motivation the overhead of using processes
• The overhead of context-switch
– + store/restore the register file (~1kB)
– + TLB miss (~1kB)
CPU
– + CPU cache miss (~1MB) (core)
Reg.
1 cycle
5 cycles
L1$
MMU (+TLB)
L2$
25 cycles
Single and Multithreaded Processes
Benefits
• Responsiveness
• Resource Sharing
– Several threads can share a memory space
• Economy
– Creating a thread vs. creating a process
– The overhead of context switch
• Utilization of Multithreaded Architectures
– SMT (simultaneously multithreading)
– CMP (chip-multiprocessor)
– SMP (symmetric multiprocessor)
Multithreading Models
• Many-to-One
• One-to-One
• Many-to-Many
Many-to-one Model
• Many user-level threads mapped to single
kernel thread
• Thread management done by user-level
threads library
• All threads of a process will block if a thread
makes a blocking system call
• Examples:
– Solaris Green Threads
– GNU Portable Threads
Green threads
• Green threads are threads that are scheduled
by a user space scheduler instead of natively
by the underlying OS.
• On a multi-core processor, green thread
implementations can not assign work to
multiple processors.
– Poor performance
Many-to-One Model
One-to-One
• Each user-level thread maps to a kernel thread
• Pros:
– Threads are running when a thread makes a blocking
system call
– Threads of a process can run in parallel on a
multithreaded machine
• Cons:
– The overhead of creating a new thread
• Systems that implement one-to-one model
– Linux
– Solaris 9 and later
– Windows NT
One-to-one Model
The Linux Task Control Block
state
Accounting
CPU
registers
memory
Open files
One-to-one Model
(Example: Linux)
User
space
Task 1
Task 2
Task 3
Kernel
space
PCB 1
PCB 2
PCB 3
Memory control
block 1
Memory control
block 3
Linux Threads
• To the Linux kernel, there is no concept of a
thread.
• Linux implements all threads as standard
processes.
– To create a new thread
• clone(CLONE_VM | CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES |
CLONE_SIGHAND)
– To create a new process
• clone(SIGCHLD);
Many-to-Many Model
• Allows many user level threads to be mapped
to many kernel threads
• Allows the operating system to create a
sufficient number of kernel threads
• Solaris prior to version 9
• Windows NT/2000 with the ThreadFiber
package
Many-to-Many Model
Two-level Model
• Similar to many-to-many, except that it allows
a user thread to be bound to a kernel thread
• Examples
– IRIX
– HP-UX
– Tru64 UNIX
– Solaris 8 and earlier
Two-level Model
(~Solaris 8)
LWP
LWP
M:N model vs. 1:1 model
• The 1:1 model offers several benefits over the
M:N model
– Improved performance, scalability, and reliability
– Reliable signal behavior
– Improved adaptive mutex lock implementation
– User-level sleep queues for synchronization objects
Threading Issues
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Semantics of fork() and exec() system calls
Thread cancellation
Signal handling
Thread pools
Thread specific data
Scheduler activations
Threading Issues
• fork() and exec()
– Does fork() duplicate only the calling thread or all
threads?
– exec() will replace the entire process including all
threads
• Cancellation
– Asynchronous cancellation
– Synchronous cancellation
Threading Issues
• Signal handling
– Deliver the signal to the thread to which the
signal applies
• Example: divided by zero (exception)
– Deliver the signal to every thread in the process
• Example: ctrl + c
– Deliver the signal to certain threads in the process
• pthread_kill()
– Assign a specific thread to receive all signals for
the process
Threading Issues
• Thread pools
– Create a number of threads in a pool where they
await work
– Advantages:
• Faster
• A thread pool limit the number of threads of an
application
• Thread-specific data
– Win32, Pthreads and Java support this feature.
Scheduler Activations
• Both M:M and Two-level models require
communication to maintain the appropriate
number of kernel threads allocated to the
application
• Scheduler activations provide upcalls - a
communication mechanism from the kernel to
the thread library
• This communication allows an application to
maintain the correct number kernel threads
Examples
Pthreads
• A POSIX standard (IEEE 1003.1c) API for thread
creation and synchronization
• API specifies behavior of the thread library,
implementation is up to development of the
library
• Common in UNIX operating systems (Solaris,
Linux, Mac OS X)
OpenMP
(Open Multi-Processing)
• OpenMP is an API that supports shared
memory multiprocessing programming in
C/C++ and Fortran.
• Version 3.1 is the current version of the
OpenMP specifications.
– the most interesting new features in 3.0 (and
later) is the concept of tasks.
– gcc 4.4 and later
OpenMP Parallelism
History of OpenMP & gcc
• C/C++ spec 1.0, Oct '98
• C/C++ spec 2.0, Mar '02
• C/C++ spec 2.5, May '05
– gcc 4.2
• C/C++ spec 3.0, May, '08
– +the concept of tasks and the task construct (recursive
functions)
– gcc 4.4
• C/C++ spec 3.1, July, '11
• The current stable version is gcc 4.6
Windows XP Threads
• Implements the one-to-one mapping
• Each thread contains
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A thread id
Register set
Separate user and kernel stacks
Private data storage area
• The register set, stacks, and private storage area are known
as the context of the threads
• The primary data structures of a thread include:
– ETHREAD (executive thread block)
– KTHREAD (kernel thread block)
– TEB (thread environment block)
Linux Threads
• Linux refers to them as tasks rather than
threads
• Thread creation is done through clone()
system call
• clone() allows a child task to share the address
space of the parent task (process)
Java Threads
• Java threads are managed by the JVM
• Java threads may be created by:
– Extending Thread class
– Implementing the Runnable interface
Java Thread States
參考、引用文獻
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Operating system principles, 7th edition
Linux kernel development, 2nd edition
Understanding the Linux Kernel, 3rd edition
Solaris™ Internals: Solaris 10 and OpenSolaris
Kernel Architecture, 2nd edition
• Wikipedia