Transcript Document

• CICS
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CICS
1
'Customer Information Control System
(CICS)' is a transaction processing
system|transaction server that runs
primarily on IBM mainframe systems
under z/OS and z/VSE.
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CICS
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CICS is middleware designed to support
rapid, high-volume online transaction
processing. A CICS transaction is a unit of
processing initiated by a single request
that may affect one or more objects. This
processing is usually interactive (screenoriented), but background transactions are
possible.
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CICS
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CICS provides services that extend or
replace the functions of the Operating
System and are more efficient than the
generalized services in the Operating
System and simpler for programmers
to use, particularly with respect to
communication with diverse terminal
devices.
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CICS
Applications developed for CICS may be
written in a variety of programming languages
and use CICS-supplied language extensions
to interact with resources such as files,
database connections, terminals, or to invoke
functions such as web services. CICS
manages the entire transaction such that if
for any reason a part of the transaction fails
all recoverable changes can be backed out.
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CICS
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While CICS has its highest profile among
financial institutions such as banks and
insurance companies, over 90 percent of
Fortune 500 companies are reported to run
CICS along with many government entities.
CICS is also widely used by many smaller
organizations. CICS is used in bank-teller
applications, automated teller machine|ATM
systems, industrial production control
systems, insurance applications, and many
other types of interactive applications.
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CICS
Recent CICS Transaction Server
enhancements include support for
Web services and Enterprise Java
Beans (EJBs), Event processing, Atom
(standard)|Atom feeds, and
Representational State
Transfer|RESTful interfaces.
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CICS
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CICS Transaction Server version 4.2,
which became General availability
release|generally available on 24 June
2011, includes support for
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CICS - History
CICS was preceded by an earlier,
single threaded transaction
processing system, IBM MTCS. An
'MTCS-CICS bridge' was later
developed to allow these transactions
to execute under CICS with no change
to the original application programs.
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CICS - History
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It became clear immediately that it
had applicability to many other
industries, so the Public Utility prefix
was dropped with the introduction of
the first release of the CICS Program
Product on July 8, 1969, not long after
IBM Information Management
System|IMS database management
system
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CICS - History
In 1974, CICS development
responsibility was shifted to IBM's
Hursley, United Kingdom Laboratory,
where development work continues
today.
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CICS - Early evolution
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CICS originally only supported a few
IBM-brand devices like the 1965 IBM
2741 Selectric (golf ball) typewriter
based terminal. The 1964 IBM 2260
and 1972 IBM 3270 video display
terminals were widely used later.
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CICS - Early evolution
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In the early days of IBM mainframes,
computer software was free - bundled
at no extra charge with computer
hardware. The OS/360 Operating
System and application support
software like CICS were open to IBM
customers long before the open
source software initiative.
Corporations like Standard Oil of
Indiana (Amoco) made major
contributions to CICS.
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CICS - Early evolution
When CICS was delivered to Amoco with
Teletype Model 33 ASR support, it caused the
entire OS/360 Operating System to crash
(including non-CICS application programs).
The majority of the CICS Terminal Control
Program (TCP - the heart of CICS) and part
of OS/360 had to be laboriously redesigned
and rewritten by Amoco Production Company
in Tulsa Oklahoma. It was then given back to
IBM for free distribution to others.
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CICS - Early evolution
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In a few years, CICS generated over $60
billion in new hardware revenue for IBM,
and became their most-successful
mainframe software product.
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CICS - Early evolution
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In 1980, IBM executives failed to heed
Ben Riggins' strong suggestions that IBM
should provide their own EBCDIC-based
Operating System and integrated-circuit
microprocessor chip for use in the IBM
Personal Computer as a CICS Thin
client|intelligent terminal (instead of the
incompatible Intel chip, and immature
ASCII-based Microsoft 1980 DOS)
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CICS - Early evolution
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Because of the limited capacity of even
large processors of that era every CICS
installation was required to assemble the
source code for all of the CICS system
modules after completing a process
similar to system generation (sysgen),
called CICSGEN, to establish values for
conditional assembly language
statements. This process allowed each
customer to exclude support from CICS
itself for any feature they did not intend to
use, such as device support for terminal
types not in use.
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CICS - Early evolution
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CICS owes its early popularity to its
relatively efficient implementation
when hardware was very expensive,
its multi-threaded processing
architecture, its relative simplicity for
developing terminal-based real-time
transaction applications, and many
open-source customer contributions,
including both debugging and feature
enhancement.
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CICS - Z notation
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Part of CICS was formalized using the Z
notation in the 1980s and 1990s in
collaboration with the Oxford University
Computing Laboratory, under the
leadership of Sir Tony Hoare. This work
won a Queen's Awards for
Enterprise|Queen's Award for
Technological Achievement.
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CICS - CICS and the World Wide Web
CICS Transaction Server (TS) 2.1
introduced the capability for CICS
transactions to be invoked via an
HTTP request. This allowed CICS
transactions to participate as servers
in a Plain Old XML|POX or
Representational State Transfer|REST
conversation.
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CICS - CICS and the World Wide Web
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CICS Transaction Server 2.3 added new
EJB tracing capabilities, and new
JCICS classes, allowing the invocation
of CICS services using Java. End-toend debugging was also introduced,
making it easier to debug applications,
from the Java client to the CICS
application.
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CICS - CICS and the World Wide Web
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CICS supports a number of industry
standard and specifications including
SOAP Version 1.1 and Version 1.2, Web
services distributed transactions (WSAtomic Transaction) and XML
Encryption and Signing.IBM, 2010,
CICS TS 4.1 Information Centre,
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infoc
enter/cicsts/v4r1/index.jsp?topic=/c
om.ibm.cics.ts.webservices.doc/conc
epts/dfhws_standards.html
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CICS - CICS and the World Wide Web
The CICS Web Services Assistant
includes two batch processing
utilities, DFHWS2LS and DFHLS2WS,
which are used to map Web Services
Description Language|WSDL to
programming language structures
and vice versa, respectively.
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CICS - CICS and the World Wide Web
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In this case, the application developer
populates the language structure
corresponding to the method they
wish to invoke, writes the structure to
the DFHWS-BODY CICS container,
and executes the INVOKE
WEBSERVICE Application
Programming Interface (API).
Execution of the API is synchronous,
on return the DFHWS-BODY contains
the response from the invoked web
service mapped to a language
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CICS - CICS and the World Wide Web
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The input to DFHLS2WS is a set of control
statements governing its processing and
file containing the language structure
corresponding to the invocation
parameters of a CICS application
program. The output is the WSDL
corresponding to the language structure,
and a WSBIND file. This utility is intended
for use by an application developer who
wishes to expose a program's functionality
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CICS - CICS and the World Wide Web
In this case, the application program is
invoked when an HTTP request for its
services is received by the CICS region.
The application program sees the request
as language structure in either a CICS
container or a COMMAREA
(communication area), which one is
governed by the control statements fed
into DFHLS2WS. The application program
performs its processing and writes the
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CICS - CICS and the World Wide Web
In either case, whether the CICS
application is acting as a web services
client or server, the mapping of data to and
from XML is governed by the generated
WSBIND file. The message body is
wrapped in, and unwrapped from, a SOAP
envelope by CICS Web Services plumbing
code external to the application program.
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CICS - CICS and the World Wide Web
The connections between a web
service, the WSBIND file, the WSDL,
and the CICS transaction requesting
or providing the service is done with
CICS system level definitions and a
configuration file.
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CICS - CICS and the World Wide Web
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Also introduced with CICS TS 3.1 was
the capability for CICS applications to
act as HTTP clients. This allowed CICS
transactions to participate as clients
in a Plain Old XML|POX or
Representational State Transfer|REST
conversation.
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CICS - CICS and the World Wide Web
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CICS TS can be extended with additional
programming features using SupportPacs.
For example SupportPac CA8K introduces
support for Atom (standard)|Atom feeds,
and SupportPac CA1S adds support for
the PHP scripting language, using the
same Java-based PHP engine as Project
Zero. Often SupportPac introduce new
technologies into CICS before they are
added into the main product, for example
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CICS - CICS Family
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Although when CICS is mentioned, people
usually mean CICS Transaction Server,
the CICS Family refers to a portfolio of
transaction servers, connectors (called
CICS Transaction Gateway) and CICS
Tools.
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CICS - CICS Family
CICS on distributed platforms - not
mainframes - is called IBM TXSeries,
which is available on AIX, Microsoft
Windows|Windows, Solaris (Operating
System)|Solaris, and HP-UX Operating
Systems. CICS is also available on other
Operating Systems, notably IBM i and
OS/2. The z/OS implementation (i.e.,
CICS Transaction Server for z/OS) is by
far the most popular and significant.
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CICS - Programming considerations
The modular design of CICS reentrant /
reusable control programs meant that, with
judicious pruning, multiple users with
multiple applications could be executed on
a computer with just 32K of expensive
magnetic core physical memory (including
the Operating System)
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CICS - Programming considerations
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A common technique was to limit the
size of individual programs to no
more than 4,096 bytes, or 4K, so that
CICS could easily reuse the memory
occupied by any program not
currently in use for another program
or other application storage needs
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CICS - Programming considerations
The efficiency of compiled high-level
COBOL and PL/I language programs left
much to be desired. Many CICS
application programs continued to be
written in assembler language, even after
COBOL and PL/I support became
available.
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CICS - Programming considerations
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Small shops with only one analyst learned CICS
optimization very slowly (or not at all).
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CICS - Programming considerations
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Unfortunately, many of the rules were
frequently broken, especially by
COBOL programmers who might not
understand the internals of their
programs or fail to use the necessary
restrictive compile time options. This
resulted in non-re-entrant code that
was often unreliable, leading to
spurious storage violations and entire
CICS system crashes.
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CICS - Programming considerations
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Program corruption and CICS control block
corruption was a frequent cause of system
downtime
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CICS - Programming considerations
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These serious shortcomings persisted for
multiple new releases of CICS over a
period of more than 20 years. CICS
application transactions were often
mission-critical for public utility companies,
large banks and other multi-billion-dollar
financial institutions. Top-quality CICS
skills were in high demand and short
supply. The complex learning curve was
shallow and long. Unqualified novice
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CICS - Programming considerations
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Eventually, it became possible to provide a
measure of advance application protection
by performing all testing under control of a
monitoring program that also served to
provide Test and Debug features. One
such software offering was known as IBM
OLIVER (CICS interactive
test/debug)|OLIVER, which prevented
application programs corrupting memory
by using Instruction set
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CICS - Macro-level programming
When CICS was first released, it only
supported application transaction
programs written in IBM Basic assembly
language|IBM 360 Assembler. COBOL and
PL/I support were added years later.
Because of the initial assembler
orientation, requests for CICS services
were made using assembler language
Macro instruction|macros. For example
the request to read a record from a file
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CICS - Command-level programming
During the 1980s, IBM at Hursley
produced a half-way house version of
CICS that supported what became
known as Command-level CICS. This
release still supported the older
programs but introduced a new layer
of execution to the new Command
level application programs.
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CICS - Command-level programming
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At execution time, the command-level
commands were converted back using
a run-time translator, The EXEC
Interface Program, to the old Macrolevel call, which was then executed by
the mostly unchanged CICS nucleus
programs.
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CICS - Run-time conversion
The 'Command-level-only' CICS
introduced in the early 1990s offered some
advantages over earlier versions of CICS.
However, IBM also dropped support for
Macro-level application programs written
for earlier versions. This meant that many
application programs had to be converted
or completely rewritten to use Commandlevel EXEC commands only.
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CICS - Run-time conversion
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It was, however, possible to execute
old Macro-level programs using
conversion software such as APT
International's Command CICS. This
allowed applications to take
advantage of the new features of later
versions of CICS while, at the same
time, retaining the original unaltered
code base. It is believed that there are
still programs running today using
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CICS - New programming styles
CICS Transaction Server Version 2.1
introduced support for Enterprise Java
Beans (EJB). CICS Transaction Server
Version 2.2 supported the Software
Developers Toolkit. CICS provides the
same run-time container as IBM's
WebSphere product family so EJB
applications are portable between CICS
and Websphere and there is common
tooling for the development and
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CICS - Transactions
A CICS transaction is a set of
operations that perform a task
together. Usually, the majority of
transactions are relatively simple
tasks such as requesting an inventory
list or entering a debit or credit to an
account. A primary characteristic of a
transaction is that it should be
atomicity (database systems)|atomic.
On IBM System z servers, CICS easily
supports thousands of transactions
per second, making it a mainstay of
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CICS - Transactions
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CICS applications comprise transactions,
which can be written in numerous
programming languages, including
COBOL, PL/I, C, C++, IBM Basic
assembly language, REXX, and Java.
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CICS - Transactions
The end user inputs data, which is made
accessible to the program by receiving a map
from CICS.
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CICS - Example of BMS Map Code
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Basic Mapping Support defines the screen
format through assembler macros such as
the following. This was assembled to
generate both the physical map set - a
load module in a CICS load library - and a
symbolic map set - a structure definition or
DSECT in PL/I, COBOL, assembler, etc.
which was copied into the source program.
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CICS - Structure
, spread across one or more z/OS system
images. Although it processes interactive
transactions, each CICS region may be
started as a batch processing|batch address
space with standard Job Control
Language|JCL statements: it's a job that runs
indefinitely. Alternatively, each CICS region
may be started as a started task. Whether a
batch job or a started task, CICS regions may
run for days, weeks, or even months before
shutting down for maintenance (MVS or
CICS).
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CICS - Components
Each CICS region comprises one
major task on which every transaction
runs, although certain services such
as access to IBM DB2|DB2 data use
other tasks (TCBs). Within a region
transactions are Cooperative
multitasking#Cooperative_multitaski
ng.2Ftime-sharing|cooperatively
multitasked mdash; they are expected
to be well-behaved and yield the CPU
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CICS - Components
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Each unique CICS task (computers)|Task
or transaction is allocated its own dynamic
computer storage|memory at start-up and
subsequent requests for additional
memory were handled by a call to the
Storage Control program (part of the CICS
'nucleus' or kernel (computer
science)|kernel), which is analogous to an
Operating System.
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CICS - Components
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A CICS system consiste of the online nucleus, batch
support programs, and applications services.
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CICS - Nucleus
the CICS nucleus
consists of a number
of functional
modules.
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CICS - Support programs
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In addition to the online functions CICS had
several support programs that ran as batch
jobs.
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CICS - Support programs
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* Dump utility - prints
formatted dumps
generated by CICS
Dump Management.
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CICS - Support programs
* Trace utility formats and prints
CICS trace output.
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CICS - Support programs
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* Journal formatting utility - prints a formatted
dump of the CICS region in case of error.
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CICS - Applications services
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The following components
of CICS support application
development.
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CICS - Applications services
* EXEC Interface Program - the stub
program that converts calls generated by
EXEC CICS commands to calls to CICS
functions.
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CICS - Pronunciation
Different countries have differing
pronunciations IBM, 2004, CICS an
introduction,
ftp://service.boulder.ibm.com/software/htp/
cics/PDF/cics_introduction.pdf
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CICS-FM
'CICS-FM' is a Canada|Canadian radio
station, which broadcasts at 91.7 FM
radio|FM in Greater Sudbury|Sudbury,
Ontario. The station airs a country music
format, branded as 'KICX 91.7'. The studio
and offices are located at 60 Elm Street,
and the station transmits a 50,000 watt
signal from the CBC tower.
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CICS-FM - History
Owned by Larche Communications, the
station was licensed by the Canadian Radiotelevision and Telecommunications
Commission|CRTC on July 12, 2007.[
http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2007/db200
7-229.htm CRTC Decision 2007-229] The
format and branding were patterned on
Larche's existing CICZ-FM in Midland,
Ontario|Midland, although CICZ's format and
brand were moved to sister station CICX-FM
in Orillia before CICS was launched.
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CICS-FM - Technical issues
CICS-FM may receive some
interference from a 100kW FM signal,
WCMU-FM|WCML-FM in Alpena,
Michigan. Although Sudbury is well
outside of WCML's normal broadcast
range, due to Tropospheric
propagation|tropospheric ducting over
Lake Huron the signal has sometimes
reached the Sudbury area strongly
enough to be in almost crystal clear FM
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IBM OLIVER (CICS interactive test/debug)
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'OLIVER' (CICS interactive test/debug)
was a proprietary testing and debugging
toolkit for interactively testing programs
designed to run on IBM's Customer
Information Control System (CICS) on
IBM's System/360/370/390 architecture.
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IBM OLIVER (CICS interactive test/debug) - History
As a result, errors in application
programs frequently caused full CICS
dumps and aborted the CICS session
for all users
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IBM OLIVER (CICS interactive test/debug) - Technical details
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* illegal SVC
- (CICS applications were
not allowed to use any System
call|Operating System calls)
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IBM OLIVER (CICS interactive test/debug) - Technical details
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* illegal or potentially damaging CICS API
requests (e.g. attempts to read into non-owned
memory)
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IBM OLIVER (CICS interactive test/debug) - Technical details
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:: - All CICS API calls were effectively
Shim (computing)|Shimmed by
OLIVER anyhow and checked for
validity (If CEDF was also active,
control would pass to it quite naturally
while stepping through the API call).
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IBM OLIVER (CICS interactive test/debug) - Technical details
OLIVER additionally provided fully
automatic storage protection features
to prevent rogue applications from
overwriting storage occupied by other
applications (storage violations, or
buffer overflows), OLIVER included
complete and automatic protection for
CICS system tables and all other
otherwise unprotected kernel
(computer science)|kernel code.
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IBM OLIVER (CICS interactive test/debug) - Instruction set simulator
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The simulation was deliberately limited to
CICS application code and EXEC interface
code (not the CICS kernel (computer
science)|kernel or Operating System or
computer hardware|hardware), including
full instruction trace if required at machine
code level
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IBM OLIVER (CICS interactive test/debug) - Non-invasive breakpoints
This technique allowed later hardware
protected CICS application programs to be
monitored with essentially no change to
the OLIVER Kernel (computing)|kernel
code - unlike many of its competitors which had used invasive techniques which
would no longer work for these programs
because of the Operating System program
protection.
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CICS Transaction Gateway
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IBM 'CICS Transaction Gateway' provides
secure access to CICS from Java
(programming language)|Java, Java EE,
.NET Framework, C (programming
language)|C and C++ applications, using
Internet protocols (for example TCP/IP).
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CICS Transaction Gateway
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CICS Transaction Gateway also includes the
same capabilities as IBM CICS Universal
Client.
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CICS Transaction Gateway
There are three
products in the CICS
Transaction Gateway
family:
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CICS Transaction Gateway
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* CICS Transaction
Gateway for
Multiplatforms
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CICS Transaction Gateway
Further information about CICS
Transaction Gateway is available to
read [
http://www.ibm.com/software/products/
us/en/cics-ctg online].
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WebSphere Optimized Local Adapters - Overview of CICS support
The Optimized Local Adapters are
implemented in CICS as a Task Related
User Exit (TRUE). This is what provides
the essential connectivity from CICS cross
memory to the WAS z/OS address space.
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WebSphere Optimized Local Adapters - Overview of CICS support
The target program in
CICS must be able to be
invoked with a LINK call
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WebSphere Optimized Local Adapters - Overview of CICS support
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The OLA programming interface
module library data set must be
concatenated to the CICS region's
DFHRPL DD statement.
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WebSphere Optimized Local Adapters - Overview of CICS support
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The following picture summarizes the
WOLA CICS support for transaction
propagation and security assertion:
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