Transcript 4. Threads

Chapter 4: Threads
Adapted to COP4610 by Robert van Engelen
Process Versus Thread
 A process has its own address space, file descriptors of
open files and devices, and other resources

fork() duplicates the process
 A single process can have a single thread of control or
multiple threads

A new thread can be started at any time

Each thread shares the same data, file descriptors, and
code of the process

A thread has its own registers, stack (for function calls),
and program counter
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Single and Multithreaded Processes
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Benefits
 Benefits of multi-threading
Responsiveness (e.g. main thread executes while
another waits for I/O)
 Resource sharing
 Economy (threads are cheap compared to processes)
 Utilization of MP architectures
 For example, one thread of a Web browser renders the
content of a page while another downloads data

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User Threads
 Thread management done by user-level threads library
 Three primary thread libraries:

POSIX Pthreads

Win32 threads

Java threads
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Kernel Threads
 Supported by the Kernel
 Examples

Windows XP/2000

Solaris

Linux

Tru64 UNIX

Mac OS X
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Multithreading Models
 Many-to-One
 One-to-One
 Many-to-Many
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Many-to-One
 Many user-level threads
mapped to single kernel
thread
 Examples:
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
Solaris Green Threads

GNU Portable Threads
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One-to-One
 Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread
 Examples

Windows NT/XP/2000

Linux

Solaris 9 and later
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Many-to-Many Model
 Allows many user level
threads to be mapped to
many kernel threads
 Allows the operating system
to create a sufficient number
of kernel threads
 Solaris prior to version 9
 Windows NT/2000 with the
ThreadFiber package
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Two-level Model
 Similar to M:M, except that it
allows a user thread to be
bound to kernel thread
 Examples
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
IRIX

HP-UX

Tru64 UNIX

Solaris 8 and earlier
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Threading Issues
 Semantics of fork() and exec() system calls
 Thread cancellation
 Signal handling
 Thread pools
 Thread specific data
 Scheduler activations
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Semantics of fork() and exec()
 Does fork() duplicate only the calling thread or all threads?
 Some systems provide two versions of fork

One that copies all threads

One that creates a process with a single thread
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Thread Cancellation
 Terminating a thread before it has finished
 Two general approaches:

Asynchronous cancellation one thread
terminates the target thread immediately

Deferred cancellation allows the target thread to
periodically check a flag if it should be cancelled
 Allows
a thread to cancel at a safe point, called
a cancellation point in Pthreads
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Signal Handling

Signals are used in UNIX systems to notify a process that a
particular event has occurred (e.g. control-C)

A signal handler is used to process signals

1.
Signal is generated by particular event
2.
Signal is delivered to a process
3.
Signal is handled
Options:

Deliver the signal to the thread to which the signal applies

Deliver the signal to every thread in the process

Deliver the signal to certain threads in the process

Assign a specific thread to receive all signals for the
process
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Thread Pools
 Create a number of threads in a pool where they await work
 With more work than threads, work is queued until a thread
fetches it from the queue
 Advantages:

Usually slightly faster to service a request with an existing
thread than create a new thread

Allows the number of threads in the application(s) to be
bound to the size of the pool
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Thread Specific Data
 Allows each thread to have its own copy of data
 Useful when you do not have control over the thread
creation process (i.e., when using a thread pool)
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Scheduler Activations
 Both M:M and two-level models require communication to
maintain the appropriate number of kernel threads allocated
to the application
 Scheduler activations provide upcalls - a communication
mechanism from the kernel to the thread library
 This communication allows an application to maintain the
correct number kernel threads
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Pthreads
 A POSIX standard (IEEE 1003.1c) API for thread creation
and synchronization
 API specifies behavior of the thread library, implementation
is up to development of the library
 Common in UNIX operating systems (Solaris, Linux, Mac
OS X)
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C Pthread Example
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int sum; /* this data is shared by the thread(s) */
void *runner(void *param); /* the thread code, see next slide */
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
pthread_t tid; /* the thread identifier */
pthread_attr_t attr; /* set of attributes for the thread */
int stat; /* the thread exit value */
if (argc != 2)
{
fprintf(stderr,"usage: a.out <integer value>\n");
return -1; /* causes exit(-1); */
}
if (atoi(argv[1]) < 0)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Argument %d must be non-negative\n",atoi(argv[1]));
return -1; /* causes exit(-1); */
}
pthread_attr_init(&attr); /* get the default attributes */
pthread_create(&tid,&attr,runner,argv[1]); /* create the thread */
pthread_join(tid,&stat); /* now wait for the thread to exit */
printf("sum = %d\n",sum);
}
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C Pthread Example (cont’d)
/* The thread will begin control in this function */
void *runner(void *param)
{
int i, upper = atoi(param);
sum = 0;
if (upper > 0)
{
for (i = 1; i <= upper; i++)
sum += i;
}
pthread_exit(0); /* exit the thread with status 0 */
}
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Windows XP Threads
 Implements the one-to-one mapping
 Each thread contains

A thread id

Register set

Separate user and kernel stacks

Private data storage area
 The register set, stacks, and private storage area are known
as the context of the threads
 The primary data structures of a thread include:

ETHREAD (executive thread block)

KTHREAD (kernel thread block)

TEB (thread environment block)
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Linux Threads
 Linux refers to them as tasks rather than threads
 Thread creation is done through clone() system call
 clone() allows a child task to share the address space of
the parent task (process)
 Linux also supports Pthreads
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Java Threads
 Java threads are managed by the JVM
 Java threads may be created by:

Extending Thread class

Implementing the Runnable interface
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Java Thread States
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End of Chapter 4