Transcript kjjhghgff

Lesson 6
Operating Systems and Software
Computer Concepts
BASICS 4th Edition
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Objectives
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Lesson 6
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Distinguish between software and hardware
Describe the difference between applications
software and system software
Describe the three categories of systems
programs
Describe operating systems for
microcomputers
Describe network operating systems
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Vocabulary
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applications
software
basic input/output
system (BIOS)
booting
graphical user
interface (GUI)
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language translator
Linux
Mac OS
MS-DOS
multitasking
network operating
system (NOS)
Computer Concepts BASICS
Vocabulary (continued)
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operating system
(OS)
system software
UNIX
user interface
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utility program
Windows
Windows
Embedded CE
Windows Mobile
Computer Concepts BASICS
Hardware and Software
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Hardware refers to the tangible, physical
computer equipment that can be seen and
touched such as the keyboard and printer
Software is a set of instructions issued to the
computer so that specific tasks are
performed. Microsoft Word is an example of
software.
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Types of Software
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There are two basic types of software:
Applications software is productivity software
designed for an end user such as word
processors
System software is a group of programs that
control the resources and operations of a
computer system and include operating
systems, utilities, and language translators
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Types of Software (continued)
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Operating Systems:
Part of the system software, an operating
system (OS) provides an interface between
the user or application program and the
computer hardware
An example of an operating system is
Windows
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Types of Software (continued)
Operating system: an interface between users and computers
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Types of Software (continued)
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Utilities:
Utility programs help you perform
housekeeping chores such as:
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formatting a disk
copying a file
backing up the hard drive
consolidating fragmented files
Computer Concepts BASICS
Types of Software (continued)
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Language Translators:
Language translators convert English-like
software programs into machine language
that the computer can understand
For example, the translator would change
each of the Visual Basic programming
statements into machine language
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Microcomputer Operating Systems
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All computers have operating systems
There are two types of user interfaces:
command-line and graphical interface.
Several popular operating systems are
available for microcomputers:
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DOS
A combination of DOS and Windows
A stand-alone version of Windows
Computer Concepts BASICS
Microcomputer Operating Systems
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Early computers used command-line interfaces
With this type of interface, you must type the
exact command you want to execute
The first IBM PC in 1981 used this type of
interface called DOS (Disk Operating System)
The user can run only one program at a time
DOS still is accessible in all Windows OS
versions
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Microcomputer Operating Systems
(continued)
Command-line interface showing an example of the Ping
command.
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Microcomputer Operating Systems
(continued)
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Graphical User Interfaces:
Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) make
computers easy to use
When the user turns on the computer a
symbolic desktop is displayed with various
icons representing files, disks, and programs
Most people use a mouse to click the icons
and execute commands
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Microcomputer Operating Systems
(continued)
Graphical user interface
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Microcomputer Operating Systems
(continued)
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Mac OS:
Macintosh’s operating system, the Mac OS,
was introduced in1984 with a GUI
Microsoft introduced its own GUI called
Windows in 1983
Windows 95 was Microsoft’s first true
multitasking operating system
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Microcomputer Operating Systems
(continued)
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Windows:
Windows 98 was released in June of 1998 and
introduced integrated Web browsing and the
Active Desktop with a browser-like interface
Microsoft’s newest operating system is called
Windows Vista and includes features such as
live icons and a stronger firewall
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Microcomputer Operating Systems
(continued)
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Turn off the computer by clicking the Start button
and then the Power button on the Start menu
Vista Shut down options:
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Restart: Shuts down and restarts computer
Sleep: Power-saving option; works the same as the
Power button
Hibernate: Power-saving option; allows you to return to
same programs and files
Shut Down: Turns everything off
Computer Concepts BASICS
Microcomputer Operating Systems
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Embedded Operating Systems:
Embedded operating systems include
technology and tools that enable developers to
create a broad range of devices
This operating system, which resides on a
ROM chip, is used on small handheld
computers and wireless communication
devices such as PDAs
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Microcomputer Operating Systems
(continued)
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UNIX:
UNIX is an operating system frequently used by
scientists and programmers, originally developed
by AT&T
UNIX is considered a multitasking, portable
operating system that can run on almost any
hardware platform
There are several variants of the language, such
as Linux and IBM’s AIX
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Loading the Operating System
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Booting is the process of starting a
computer
When you start your computer, operating
system commands are loaded into memory
Each operating system boots or starts the
computer in its own way
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Loading the Operating System
(continued)
1. Turn on your computer (based on Windows
OS)
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Basic input/ output system (BIOS) is activated
followed by a series of diagnostic tests
2. BIOS searches for the boot record
3. Boot record is loaded into RAM
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These files contain programming configuration
instructions for hardware devices and software
applications that are installed on your computer
Computer Concepts BASICS
Loading the Operating System
(continued)
4. Software drivers are loaded
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Drivers are what enable you to use your printer,
modem, scanner, or other devices
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5. The GUI is loaded
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When loading the GUI, the operating system
reads the commands for your desktop
configuration and programs in the Startup folder
6. If everything goes as it should, the GUI
appears and the computer is ready to use
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Loading the Operating System
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Sharing Files on Different Operating Systems:
It is often necessary to share files across operating
system platforms
A hardware file share solution is an emulation card
loaded on the motherboard that gives the computer
the ability to run programs for another OS
Another solution is to save files in a format that is
readable across systems, such as .txt
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Network Operating Systems
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A network operating system (NOS) resides on a
network server and allows a group of computers
(also called clients) to be connected and to
share resources
One of the main goals of the operating system is
to make the resources appear as though they
are running from the client computer
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Summary
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Hardware refers to the tangible, physical computer
equipment that can be seen and touched.
Software is a set of instructions that tells the
computer what to do; software also is called a
program.
The two basic types of computer software are
applications software and system software.
Applications software also is known as productivity
software.
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Summary (continued)
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System software coordinates and controls the
resources and operations of a computer system.
Three major categories of system software are
operating systems, utilities, and language
translators.
Operating systems provide an interface between the
user and application program and the computer
hardware.
Utility programs help users complete specialized
tasks such as file management.
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Summary (continued)
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Language translators convert English-like software
programs into machine language.
A programmer uses a programming language to
write program statements.
All computers have operating systems.
The user interface is the part of the operating system
with which we are most familiar.
The two most common user interfaces are
command-line interfaces and graphical user
interfaces.
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Summary (continued)
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The Mac operating system is used with Apple’s
Macintosh computers.
Icons are symbols that represent documents,
software programs, disks, and so forth.
DOS was introduced with the IBM PC in 1981 and is
a character-based operating system.
Microsoft introduced the first version of Windows in
1983; this was an operating environment.
Windows 95 was Microsoft’s first true multitasking
operating system.
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Summary (continued)
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Windows Embedded CE is a scaled-down Windows
operating system used for small handheld
computers.
UNIX and Linux are portable operating systems.
Network operating systems allow a group of two or
more microcomputers to be connected.
Several methods are available for sharing files on
different operating systems.
Wells
Computer Concepts BASICS