Transcript Middle Ages part II - Thomas County Schools

The High Middle Ages Part III to VI
III. The Black Plague
IV. Medieval Life: Art,
Architecture,
Language, Science,
Education
V. Wars and Growth of
Nations: The 100
Years War and War
of the Roses
VI. Challenges to the
Church
III. The Black
Death
A. 1347-Year of Calamity
• Erupted in the Gobi Desert in China and
may be due to the LIA
• After killing around 35 million in Asia, the
disease, later to be called the Black Death,
enters Europe at an Italian sea port in Oct
1347. By September 1348, it was in
England. It followed trade routes
• At least 25 million people died in Europe; a
third of England’s population
B. Rampant Plague
• The Italian writer Boccaccio said its victims often
"ate lunch with their friends and dinner
with their ancestors in paradise."
• No one understood about the fleas or hygiene
• No medicine seemed to work
• After the worst part was over (5 Years) the
Plague continued for centuries thereafter
sporadically and is still around today, but not
active. According to one theory, most people
have immunity today because their ancestors
survived it. However, the plague was dormant
before it’s eruption in 1347, so?
C. Reactions of people to the Plague
• The Flagellants-Bands of wandering
people who whipped themselves to try and
expiate the sins of Europe so God would
call off the Plague
• Eat, drink and
be merry for tomorrow
we die
• Reassessment of
faith placed in the Church
• Scapegoating-Jews,
The Flagellants
Burning Jews during Plague
D. Results of the Plague:
Shortage of Labor, Spiritual faith shaken, Church loses some
respect and power, relationships between the upper and
lower classes change, surviving workers can demand better
IV. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages
A. Vernacular Language
• Latin is Language after Rome collapsed,
at least for educated and upper classes
• The peasants had their own languages
which now become more accepted by
everyone and are called vernacular. It is
everyday speech. These languages are
the roots of the words that Americans and
Europeans speak today.
2. Dante -1265
• Latin was for scholarly work
• Used language of Tuscan
common people to write
poetry and it became
language of all Italy
• The Divine Comedy or
“when I write a book I
am not going to change the names”
• Story: Virgil and Beatrice guide Dante
through Hell, paradise and purgatory
B. Educational
System
• Monasteries and
• Small schools in
cities teach for a fee
• Teachers guild called
universitas which is
the basis of what word
today?
• Four great universities
in the Middle Ages
1. Want to be a teacher in the 1200’s ?
“Teachers could not leave the university, under penalty of death, or even
go out of town without permission. They had to swear absolute
obedience to the student-elected student rector, who at the behest of
the general assembly could pass or change any rule. The students
collected the fees, paid the salaries, and issued the working rules; if the
teacher cut a class, he was fined; likewise, if he could not draw five
students, if he skipped a chapter or a difficulty, of if he kept on talking
after the ringing of the bell. At any time the lecturer could be interrupted
by a beadle summoning him to appear before the rector and learn of his
misdeeds.
As a historian of universities, Rashdall, puts it: "By means of the terrible
power of boycotting which they could bring into play against an
offending professor, the student clubs were masters of the situation".”
2. Want to be a student in the 1200’s?
• Constant violent fighting to settle debates
• Money a huge problem
• Students rooms were rented out to gain extra
money: usually to prostitutes
• All boys; 13 -15 years of age
• Common reports of chaos in the classroom
• Teacher had to be 20
• Teacher could beat lazy students
• University ruled by cliques-led to constant
manipulations, shady deals, lying, jealousy
1434
C. Science
• Minimal advancement in scholarly areas
• Practical Knowledge increases though
Winches, pulleys. ships, iron plows,
yokes, windmills, waterwheels are all
improved
• Arabs preserved the Science of the Greeks
but Europeans had little interest in it
• Math and optics were of some interest
• 1500’s Scientific exploration begins again
Medieval medicine
D. Art and architecture
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Romanesque
Dark, dome,
Heavy look and feel
Low to the ground
Frescos
Relief sculpture
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Gothic
Soaring spires
More glass
More light
Spires
Flying buttresses
Color
Statues of Holy
Family and Saints
1. Romanesque
2. Gothic
Middle Ages Stained Glass
Gargoyles of Notre Dame
V. Wars and the Growth of Nations
I said we
had 9 days,
20 hours
and 53
seconds
until the 100
years are up
• As manors decline,
people’s loyalties
shift to that of a
larger unit, the city,
then the kingdom.
People begin to
develop a national
identity and the idea
of a nation state is
born. People are
increasingly
loyal to a
country
Patriotism
A. The 100 Year’s War
• Basically Edward II of
England laid claim to
the French throne and
the French said not in
this life.
• Their respective
offspring continued to
have conflicts over
this issue for about a
100 years
1. Results of the War in England
• New weapons made
larger scale war and
longer range war
easier
• Castles no longer as
safe
• Knights could not win
over longbows and
gunpowder
• Smaller guns begin to
be used and increases
causalities
• Feudalism is getting
its deathblow
•
Parliament ‘s power
grows because the King
needs them to finance his
wars. They obtain the
power to approve all
taxation
• The nobles are
increasingly fewer and
more dependent on the
King
• Government is
centralizing
• Church is losing more of
its power
2. The French and the 100 years of
War
• Fought on their land
• Starvation and
disease prevalent
• Kings lost some
power as a result
• Infighting amongst the
two branches of the
royal family
Burgundy and
Orleans
• Joan Of Arc
Visions and Voices save a city and crown a King
Martyrdom results in
renewed Patriotism
and France drives
out the English
a. France’s Parliament
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Philip IV or the Fair organizes Estates General
4 estates of society to help King rule
Never worked well
Never gained enough rights to be taken
seriously
• Consequently Power is in the King first and
noble secondly
• French peasants have minimal rights as
compared to England
B. English War of the Roses
• Henry VII defeats Richard III at
Bosworth Field (My kingdom for
•
a horse)
White
versus
Red
The Tudor
Dynasty
begins
C. Spanish Wars
of Unification
• Ferdinand and
Isabella• Drive out the Moors
• Drive out the Jews
• Unite the 4 Kingdoms of
Spanish Peninsula
• Spanish Inquisition
instituted
• Many converts to
Catholicism burned and
their lands .monies taken
• Censorship is state
protected
• They make Spain a
strong monarchy
• Centralize power in the
King
• Enabled Columbus to
explore the Americas
The Spanish
Inquisition was
dedicated to
rooting out evil
D. German and Italian regions
• Germany and Italy did
not become strong
centralized nations
until the 1800’s
• Habsburg empire,
centered in Austria,
dominated the areas
of Germany,
Switzerland, and
Czechoslovakia
• Hapsburgs use the
title Holy Roman
Emperor
VI. Challenges to Church Power
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People and times are a-changing
Trade increasing
Travel increasing
Urban areas grow and people are mingling
Wars bring increased contact and allow new
ideas to spread
Church Law does not always help one to get rich
Church power weakened by Plague
Kings power increasing
Much of the Church is wealthy and worldly and
now people begin to question this
People questioning , skeptical, learning new
ways from contact with Muslins and Greeks
1294- Boniface
VIII and Philip IV
of France clash
over whether
clergy should pay
taxes to the
kingdom
A. Internal Problems of the
Church
• Philip gets one of his French cardinals elected Pope
• Clement V moves the Papacy to Avignon in where
•
else? France!
• The Babylonian Captivity
• The last of the 7 French Popes Returns Papacy to
Rome in 1377
• As soon as he dies, the Italians elect an Italian Pope
• The French Cardinals elect a French Pope in
response to the Italian Pope ,who remains in
Avignon
• Each excommunicate the other
• The Great Schism 1378 to 1417
• 1414, A church Council deposes both and elects a
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new Pope
Papal Palace at Avignon or Fortress?
B. Criticism of the Church becomes
more open
• “Defender of the Peace” – argued that the
Pope had no worldly powers and should
be elected by a council of mixed laity
and clergy
• John Wycliffe-1382 Promoted the first
translation of the Bible into English
• Jan Hus- rector at University of PragueBurned at the stake for asking for
reforms
• Some trace Protestantism’s roots to Hus
Indulgences
• Bought a piece of
paper that stated the
good works of the
buyer had paid off a
particular sin or sins
in the buyer’s life