Transcript Rise of Western Europe

Rise of Western Europe
Medieval Europe
Background
• Lasted 500 – 1500
• 500 – 100 political decentralization and
backwardness
• 1000 – 1300 period of revival
– 1200s onward, certain parts of Europe (Italy)
experienced the Renaissance (cultural rebirth)
– Concept of Europe as a single civilization joined by a
common heritage and Christian religion took greater
shape
• 1300 – 1500 crisis and advancement
– social unrest, constant warfare, Black Death
– Renaissance began
Reasons for Feudalism and the Manor
System
• End of Roman Empire
– Declining prosperity led small landowners to sell their
land to owners of large estates
• Invasions
– Vikings from Scandinavia led to a need for protection
• Political decentralization
– No single ruler was strong enough to provide Europe
with a central authority
– Monarchs did not have the power, money, or military
strength to govern their lands effectively
Feudalism
• Political, social, economic system
• Nobles/landlords offered benefices (privileges) to vassals in
exchange for military service in lord’s army or agricultural labor
– Often a land grant – fief
• Structured – enjoy the position of a noble with vassals under while
also being a vassal to a noble of higher status
• Nobles
• Knights
– Owe military service
• Serfs
– Give lord part of their crops
– Spend a number of days each month working on a lord’s lands or
performing other labor service
– Could not be bought and sold
– Pass their property rights to their heirs
Similarities to Japan
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Knights were similar to the samurai
Vassals who served in the lord’s military forces
Followed an honor code – chivalry/bushido
In contrast
chivalry was a two-sided contract between the
knight and lord
• Bushido applied to both men and women of
the samurai class
Chivalry
• Be virtuous
• Christian Warrior
• An honorable and polite way of behaving
(especially toward women)
• Gallant and distinguished gentlemen
• Often the code was broken
Manorialism
• system of economic and political relations between
landlords and serfs
• Most people were serfs, they lived on self-sufficient
agriculture estates called manors
• They were agriculture workers who received some
protection in return they would have to give part of
their goods to remain on the land
• Three field systems improved the production. Only a
third of the land was left unplanted each year, in order
to regain fertility.
• The moldboard was a plow, it was copied from the
Mediterranean models.
Unifying Influence of Christianity
• One thing binding European nations together
after the fall of Rome
• 1054 doctrinal differences and geographical
distance led to the Great Schism
– Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy
• Shaped Medieval society in key ways
– Monasteries preserved Greek and Latin manuscripts
– Sense that despite national and linguistic differences –
linked by a common faith
– Feeling of cultural cohesion
Papacy and Political Power
• Hierarchical
– Leader – Pope
– Lowest – Priest
• After 1000 the Catholic Church became immensely powerful politically
– Governed sizeable territory in central Italy – Papal States
– Had the authority and right to determine what was heresy, exclude
worshippers from the Church (excommunication), and issue calls for holy
wars (crusades)
– Collected tithes from the general population
– Controlled education
– 1231 Holy Inquisition – hunt out and punish heresy and religious
nonconformity
• Christendom
– Goal was to unite Europe into a single Christian Community
– Governed by the Pope
– Kings and emperors subject to his rule
Conflicts Between the Church and
State
• Church leaders and monarchs
• Growing wealth of the Roman Catholic Church
served as a temptation for priests and monks to
set aside their spiritual responsibilities and to
concentration on the acquisition of material
goods
• Investiture – Lay investiture was a process by
which monarchs apointed bishops
– Pope Gregory VII (1073 – 1085)
– HRE Henry IV
– Henry was excommunicated
Early Kingdoms
• 500s – 600s
– Short-lived kingdoms founded by barbarian chiefs
rose and fell frequently
– Internally decentralization kept states weak
– As did externally Viking raids and Muslim
invasions
• Earliest European nation was the Frankish
Kingdom
– By the 700s it grew into the Carolingian Empire
Carolingian Empire
• Franks
– Rose in prominence in present day France, western Germany,
Belgium
– Descendants of the Germanic tribe that overran Gaul
• Frankish military leader Charles Martel turned back the
Muslim invaders at the Battle of Tours (732)
– He established the Carolingian dynasty
• Son Pepin the Short strengthened the Kingdom's ties with
the Catholic Church
• Pepin’s son Charlemagne (768-814) defended the territory
against Viking, barbarian, and Muslim attacks
– Greatly expanded the kingdom becoming the Holy Roman
Emperor in 800
– Supported education and culture (entrusted to the church)
Other Early Nations
• Late 800s – 900s
• Saxon kings united large parts of England
• Capetian dynasty came to rule the area
around Paris and gradually gained control over
more of France
• Eastern Germanic portion of Charlemagne’s
realm formed itself as the Holy Roman EMpire
Vikings
• Expert sailors and fierce warriors from Scandinavia
• Owing to overcrowding in their homelands large numbers
left (800 – 1100)
• One of the few peoples who could navigate in the open
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Colonized Greenland, and Iceland
Around 1000 voyagers led by Leif Erikson reached Canada
Settled in parts of England, Scotland, Ireland
Created long-lasting kingdoms in northwestern France and
Sicily
• Established a trade route from Scandinavia to Byzantium
through Russia
– Created the first Russian state
England and France
• Most stable states were England and France
• 1066 – Normans (descendants of Vikings settled
in France) led by William the Conqueror invaded
England and defeated the Saxon king and
established their rule there
– Imposed a feudal structure that required all vassals to
owe their allegiance directly to the monarch
• Connected to the French throne by blood ties and
feudal obligations there was much competition
between England and France over land and
political legitimacy until the middle of the 1400s
England
• Norman Conquest – brought French style
feudalism to England
– Helped create a rich cultural fusion
– Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, Latin-based
• England became centralized
• 1215 – Magna Carta
– Imposed on King John by the barons
– Guaranteed nobility certain rights and privileges
– Later in the 1200s the English nobility won the right to
form a Parliament, which eventually became a
representative lawmaking body that governed in
conjunction with the king
Summary of Magna Carta
• It is also called Great Charter.
• King John of England had to sign it because he was defeated by
France.
• It was signed on June 15, 1215.
• The Magna Carta confirmed feudal rights against monarchical
claims.
• He agreed to institute new taxes without the lord’s permission and
also to appoint bishops without the churches permission.
• The Magna Carta became the basis for English rights. It contains 37
laws.
• It also showed that a kings power can be limited by a written grant.
The Magna Carta was also probably used in the constitution and Bill
of rights.
• The first Parliament convened in 1265 – saw its division into the
House of Lords elected by Urban elites
France
• Capetian kings centralized their nation
– Originally they only owned a tiny part of France
– England controlled large territories such as Aquitaine
and Brittany while large and economically important
regions such as Flanders and Burgundy remained
independent
• Beat the English in a number of wars including
the Hundred Years’ War
• French monarchs were not limited or obligated to
share their power in any legally meaningful way
Hundred Years’ War
• 1337 – 1453
• War’s first years coincided with the Black
Death
• Until the early1400s the English won a
number of victories
• After the 1420s the French King with the Help
of Joan of Arc drove out the English
Holy Roman Empire
“Neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire”
• Less centralized
• Multicultural monarchy founded in the 900s by an heir of
Charlemagne
• Theoretical ideal of a state that was large and powerful (Roman)
and brought a variety of peoples into a single Catholic (holy)
community
– Supposed to work in partnership with the pope
– Two clashed more than cooperated
• HRE was large but the emperors powers comparatively weak
– Position was not hereditary
– Chosen by the empire’s most powerful noble families
• Empire’s population was ethnically diverse
– German, Italian, Slavic
– Dozens of duchies, kingdoms, principalities
• Long term political effect – delayed the unification of Germany and
Italy until the 19th Century
• Key centralizing factor was the rise of the Hapsburg family
– Gained permanent control over the imperial throne from 1438 - 1918
Italian States
• Even more decentralized
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Not an actual country at this time
Most of Northern Italy was under the HRE
Southern areas passed into the hands of foreigners
French, Spanish, Muslims, Byzantines
Parts of Italy remained free
• Governed by dozens of city-states
• One of the most urbanized parts of Europe
• High cultural level helped to make it the birthplace of the Renaissance
• Position in the Med. Enabled trade with the Middle East and Egypt and
by extension the Far East, China, and the Indian Ocean
– Cities developed strong commercial economies
– Chief city-states of medieval and Renaissance Italy were Florence, Milan,
and Venice in the north and Naples in the south
– Rome was also important
Spain
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700s – Moors (Muslims) took over Spain
1031 - People of Spain and Portugal fought the Moors in a long struggle know as the
Reconquista
By the end of 1200 had pushed the Moors into Granada (southernmost part of the
country)
For the next 200 years the Moors held out until they were expelled in 1492 by
Ferdinand and Isabella
Spanish territory was liberated gradually
– Each newly freed region remained independent
– By the 1400s there were 6 Spanish kingdoms
– Rulers of the two biggest kingdoms wed – Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
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Spain becomes a single country
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Intense religious intolerance
Hostile to nonbelievers
Muslims and Jews were persecuted
Forced to convert or leave
Benefits of the Moors
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Islamic culture was more advanced
Advantages in scientific, medical, and technological knowledge
Jewish scholars and professionals
Co’rdoba – greatest centers of learning and science
Portugal
• Independent principality
• Began its tradition of exploration during the
1400s
Byzantium
• Crossroads between Christian Europe and the Islamic Middle East
• Constantinople was a tremendously important trading center
– Linked the Med. Europe with the Middle East and by extension the
overland routes such as the silk road and sea lanes that joined the Middle
East with China, India, and the East Indies
• Superior to the rest of Europe in terms of economic and cultural
advancement
• Long period of political and military decline
– Battle of Manzikert (1071) onward
– Seljuks then more dangerous Ottoman Turks slowly but increasingly
stripped territory away from Byzantium
– 1400s Constantinople was under threat
– 1453 Ottomans seized it
– Byzantine Empire was destroyed
• Ottoman Empire went on to conquer large parts of southeastern
Europe
– Clashed for centuries with the HRE
Eastern Europe
• Territories on Europe’s eastern and northern fringe tended to be poorly defined
• Stress of invasions from the east
• Mongol attacks in the mid-1200s and constant pressure from the Ottomans
– Held back political development of nations
– Forced West- Mongols were forced to move west because of weather and
agriculture.
– Superior Military Technology- nomadic lifestyle, horsemanship
– Strengthening Numbers- increased ranks through conquered territories, would
slaughter all people causing bad behavior in the horde.
– Diplomacy- dominated Northern trade routes from Europe to Asia, they learned
sciences and philosophies which helped to politically interest conquered people
• Hungary, Sweden, Poland – exceptions (stable and sophisticated)
• Russia
– Loose confederation of city-states
– Governed by constantly feuding princes
– Mongol invasions of 1240s placed the Russians under the domination of the Golden
Horde
– Mid-1400s Russia became free
Concept and Origin of Crusading
• Power of the medieval pope was the ability to request
monarchs to provide troops and money for holy wars
• Fought for a number of reasons
– Convert non-believers to Christianity
– Crush Christian movements the papacy considered heretical
– Resist attacks by foreigners who were not Christians
• Motivating Factors
– Genuine religious fervor on the part of both Muslims and
Christians
– Geopolitical conflict between Europe and the Middle East
– The European’s desire to become more involved in the
international trade network stretching from the Med. To China
– Personal ambitions of Europeans hoping to gain wealth and land
in the Middle East
– Racial and religious prejudice
Crusading Experience
• First Crusade (1096-1099)
– Byzantine Empire asked fellow Christians in Europe for military assistance
against the Seljuk Turks who had recently captured Jerusalem
– Byzantines exaggerated rumors of Turkish atrocities in the Holy Lands
– Pope Urban II responded by summoning the Council of Clermont and calling
on knights of Catholic Europe to retake the Holy Land
– 1099 placed Jerusalem under siege
– Butchered almost every Muslim and Jew within its walls (killed a number of
native Christians whom they mistook for Muslims)
– Key reason for this First Crusade’s success was the lack of unity among
Muslims, Turks, and Arabs
• Europeans established four Christian states known as Latin Kingdoms
• Served as military and political foothold in the Middle East
• Enabled Europeans to become involved in a lucrative commercial
economy
• 4th Crusade – merchants of Venice sack Constantinople
Effects of the Crusades
• Senseless Violence and Wars- crusaders killed all of Jerusalem even women.
• Undermining Church Moral Authority- the murders of the Jews and Muslims,
was used as indictment against the Roman Catholic Church was not moral
authority
• Distrust of Christians- Christians kept killing people of other religions, like
Jews and Muslims when they were on there way to the middle east, they
create ruthless
• Opened Way for Muslim Conquests of Europe- the differences between
Roman Catholics and the Byzantine created hatred, led to capturing
Constantinople, Ottoman Turks began to come into Europe
• Asian Influence- Crusade's increased Europe’s knowledge of Asia, influence
of cosmopolitan in Europe
• Increased Anti-Semitism – loyalty to the rose during throughout all of Europe
leaving religious tolerance low, Jewish homes were destroyed
• Greater awareness of the wider world
• Crusader ideal – notion of Christian warriors were fighting a holy war on
behalf of a sacred cause – contributed ti the powerful myth of knighthood
and chivalry
• Increased knowledge of and the desire for economic wealth to be gained
Population Growth, Trade, Commerce
• 1000 – 1300 population growth in Europe was considerable
– General warming
– Advanced agricultural techniques (3 field system and better plows) caused
food supply to increase
• Trade and commerce became a larger part of the European economy
– Political stability made banking, the movement of goods, and the creation of
markets safer and more convenient
• Security returned as the Vikings, now Christian ceased their raids and
became settled people
• Movement of goods was easier by water than land – trade routes followed
rivers and coastlines
• Trade in the Baltic was dominated by the Hanseatic League – group whose
influence stretched from England in the west to Russia in the East
• Powerful banking houses were run by the Medicis in Italy and Fuggers in
central Europe
• Crusaders
– Introduced sugarcane, spices, luxury goods – porcelain, glassware, carpets
from the East
– East had little interest in the inferior goods of the West
Urbanization
• Majority of the people remained in the countryside
working as peasants and serfs
• Increasing number began to move to the cities
• Existing cities grew larger and new cities were founded at a
great rate
– Italy and Flanders urbanized more quickly
– Excellent sites for trade
– Attracted artists, writers, scholars
• Specialization of labor
– Guild system
– Maintained a monopoly on their respective trades
– Restricted membership, established prices, set standards of
quality and fair practice, provided pensions
• Advantage – immunity to feudal obligations
– Year and a day “city air makes you free”
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Social Stress
Increased after 1300
Uprisings across Europe
Peasant Jacquerie of 1358 in France
Wool Carder’s Revolt in Florence in 1378
Wat Tyler’s Rebellion in England in 1381
Causes
– Little Ice Age – general cooling affected harvests and made life
in the countryside difficult
– Many peasants were forced into military service especially
during the Hundred Years’ War
• More wars were being fought, armies growing larger, new gunpowder
weaponry was expensive
– Taxes of common people increased
– Persecution of peoples thought to be witches
– Catholic Authorities sought to root out witchcraft – 1400s The
Hammer of Witchcraft – aid in spotting and trying of witches
Black Death
• Greatest medical disaster in Eurasian History
• After killing millions of people in China the
disease spread westward to the Middle East
• Reached Europe on a ship landing in Sicily in 1347
– 1347-1348 ravaged Europe
– 1349-1350 spread to Central Europe and British Isles
– 1351 – 1353 spread to Russia and Scandinavia
• Initial bout killed 25 – 30 million people
• Roughly 1/3 of Europe’s population
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Women in Medieval Europe
As a rule – subservient to men
Women of lower classes cared for the household and assisted with farm work
Women of low birth worked as servants
Joan of Arc
Some had property rights
– Own and inherit property
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Received dowries could separate from their husbands although obtaining divorces
and annulments was difficult
– Had protection but not equality before the law
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Could become nuns
– Majority of nuns were from landed aristocracy (younger sisters whom the dads could not
afford to pay to have married)
– Those who preferred intellectual pursuits found safe havens
– Hildegard of Bingen (1098 – 1179) mystical writings
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Aristocratic women could exert informal political and cultural influence
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Manage husbands estates and finances
Moms of young kings would serve as advisors
Become queens in England, Spain, Russia
Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122 – 1204) married Louis VII of France and Henry II of England
Medieval Culture
• Most important factor shaping medieval culture was
the Catholic Church
– Administered institutions of learning
– Monasteries and universities
– Largest employer of artists, architects, musicians
• Art and ideas not in line with the church could be
banned
• Classical learning and literature preserved from ancient
Greece and Rome
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Latin was Europe’s language of learning and culture
Aristotle
Encouraged some mistaken ideas
Geocentric theory
Art, Architecture, Literature
• Medieval art was religious in nature
– Icons – religious paintings were largely inspired by Byzantine styles
• Gregorian Chant
• Great builders of castles
– Many were molded on Byzantine and Middle Eastern Designs
– Romanesque v Gothic http://smarthistory.edublogs.org/2013/03/19/romanesque-versus-gothicarchitecture/
• Troubadours and minstrels 1000 – 1100
– Popularized nonreligious music
– Favorite songs were about love and legends of King Arthur, Charlemagne’s
knight Roland and El Cid of Spain
• Authors
– Dante Alighieri of Italy (1265 – 1321)
– Geoffrey Chaucer of England (1340 – 1401)
– Christine de Pisan (1364 – 1410)
• Increased use of the vernacular
– Stimulated a growth in literacy and made literature available to a wider range
of people
High Middle Ages
• Gothic Architecture
– Cathedrals with tall spires and arched windows with stained glass reflected
Muslim designs in Western Architectural technology
• Increased urbanization
– The size of western Europe cities still could not compare with the number of
urban areas in China
• The rise of universities
• A decline in the number of serfs on the manor
– Some serfs received wages to work in new agricultural lands while others fled
to towns
• The emergence of centralized monarchies
– The strengthening of nation states
– The Hundred Years’ War increased the power of both France and England
– Considered by some historians to be the end of the Medieval Period
• Increase Eurasian trade
• The growth of banking
• New warfare technology
– Gunpowder and the cannon made castles increasingly obsolete
ESPiRITE
Economic
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The postclassical period in western Europe began with the fall of Rome, period called middle ages.
Three field system- only one third of the land was left unplanted.
Most people created new markets, growing trade
Economy help feed formal culture life
While merchant capitalism gained ground in western Europe economic values dominate
Western agriculture was not yet advanced technology but improved
Largest trade and banking was in Germany
France/low countries were capitalistic
Big merchants invested in ships
Luxury goods and spices from Asia
Mediterranean trade redeveloped, by Italian immigrants
Hanseatic league – Scandinavia grouped together to encourage trade
Trade and banking in the middle ages served as the origin of capitalism in western civilizations
Jacques Coeur was one of Europe’s best merchants, risks new forms of trade served as tax officials until
minting coins, he became finical advisors
Guilds – people in the same business or craft in a single city, stressed security and control, limited
membership, good workmanship
Summas- or highest power
Iron making and textile making
Social
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Vikings from Scandinavia disturbed life from Ireland to Sicily
Clovis a warrior chieftain, he converted to Christianity about 496 CE to gain greater
prestige over local rivals who were still pagan.
Carolingians- took over the monarchy which was based in northern europe, Belgium
and western Germany
Charles Martel or Charles the hammer, was the founder of the Carolingians,
responsible for defeating the Muslims in the battle of tours in 732
Charlemagne or Charles the great, established empire in France and Germany, helped
restore some church based education
Holy roman emperors- merging Christian and classical claims
Vassals – greater lords protection and aid to lesser lord in return military service or
some goods.
William the conquer- extended the feudal system in his kingdom
Gregory VII (1073-1085) tried to purify the church and free it from inheritance by
feudal lords
Bernard of Claivaus- powerful monk, he challenged Avelard
Thomas Aquinas- the Italian-born monk who taught at university of Paris, faith came
fist for him , through reason people could know natural order, moral law, and nature
of God
Political
• Manorialism was the system of economic and political relations
between landlords and serfs.
• Feudalism the key political and military relationships in Western
Europe.
• Magna Carta – king john was forced to sign, it limited his power
• Parliaments – feudal balance-> three estates, church, noble, and
urban leaders.
• The practice of appointment or investiture of bishops in Germany
• Scholasticism – medieval philosophers approach was called
because of its base in the schools- silly debates such as the one
about how many angels could dance on the head of a pin.
• Demonstrated an unusual confidence in logical orderliness of
knowledge
• Guilds played an important political role
Interaction
• Hundred years war – 14th century, long battle
began, France and England-over territories the
English king controlled in France, over feudal
rights versus the national states
• Crusades
• Vikings
• Mongols
Religious
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Pope Urban II called for the first crusade in 1095
The importance of absolute faith in God
Christianity
Rise of cities from saw the formation to develop spirituality
and express the love of God.
Magical rituals involved much dancing and merriment
Pagan festivals
Western painters used religious subjects, like Christ’s birth
Medieval lit. and music reflected strong religious interests
Religion was the center piece of intellectuals , from science
to romantic poetry
Intellectual
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Viking intellectual activity declined
With Charlemagne intellectual activity began to slowly recover.
Believed in human reason and natural order
Fascination with logics lead intellectuals to a certain zeal
Peter Abelard- 12th century, in Paris he wrote a treaties called Yes and No, it
showed logical contradictions in a doctrine
Bernard was an intellectual of different sort, he stressed the importance of
mystical union with God
Christianity and Islam relied on the bible or the Quran
Combining rational philosophy and Christian faith was the dominant intellectual
theme. In postclassical west.
Motivated a growing interest in knowledge imported from the classical past and
from the Arab world. -> Arab rationist ibn rushd, western phosphor, theologian
Like philosophy, medieval art and architecture were intended to serve glory to God
Followed roman models, using rectangles or Romanesque
Gothic architects built soaring church spires and tall windows
Philosophy, law or political theory
Latin became the development of lit. in spoken lang. or vernaculars
Beowulf, the song of Roland
Vernacular tongues like Canterbury poets or troubadours
Technological
• Moldboard- a plow that allowed deeper
turning in soil
Essay Assignment
Compare and Contrast the economic and
political systems of the Byzantine Empire and
Western Europe during the post classical Era