Transcript Chapter 10 - s3.amazonaws.com

Peasants, Trade, Cities
• Early Middle Ages - small population - lots of invasions and
war
• High Middle Ages - population increased
• Invasions stopped, increased food production
• better climate
• changes in technology
• power of water and wind to do jobs
• use of iron – carruca
• three field crop rotation
Peasants
 manor - agricultural estate
that a lord ran and
peasants worked
 free peasants were called
serfs
 worked land of a lord but
was not a slave
 Serfs paid rents by giving
the lords a share of every
product they raised
Peasants
 Household
 Lived in cottages had wood
frames surrounded by
sticks, spaces filled with
straw and rubble then
plastered over with clay
 Had one and two room
houses
 Feast days (holidays)
 More than 50 days were
essentially holiday
 Christmas, Easter,
Pentecost
 Religious feast days,
Sunday mass, baptisms,
marriages, and funerals
Trade
• 1000s and 1100s economic foundation changed
• trade and associated growth of towns and cities
• Vencie 1st trade city
• Flanders ideally located for northern European
traders
• trade fairs were used to encourage trade
• demand for gold and silver helped started the money
economy
• trading companies and banking firms were part of
commercial capitalism
Cities
•Cities began to thrive with the start of trade
•many new cities or towns were founded,
especially in Northern Europe
•Merchants would build settlement near a
castle because of their location near trade
routes and the lords would offer protection
•Bourgeoisie is what they would be known
as
Cities
 Townspeople had basic liberties - freedom from
lord's run
 developed their own governments to run the
community
 City life was crowded and dirty/pollution
 Manufacturing of goods
 craftspeople began to organize themselves into guilds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuvLGtZRDbs
Medieval Christianity
 Catholic Church played
critical role in ordinary
peoples lives
 Strong leadership by the
popes made the church a
forceful presence in
medieval society
•The Inquisition - Holy Office
•People wanted to achieve
salvation
Culture in High Middle
Ages
• was a time of construction – Churches
• Cathedrals were built in the Romanesque style
• Gothic cathedrals
• Flying buttress
• Stained glass
Culture in High Middle
Ages
• Universities
• 1st appeared in Bologna
• only males
• Studied - liberal arts, grammar, rhetoric, logic,
arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy
• earn BA - MA – PhD
• Highly regarded subject was theology
• Famous philosopher Aristotle
Late Middle Ages
 Reached a high point in the 1200s and 1300s
 Black Death would change that dramatically
 Bubonic plague swept through Europe
 spread by black rats infested by fleas
 1/3 of Europe population lost
 crowded cities were hit the hardest
 entire villages disappeared
Late Middle Ages
 The plague caused many to believe there was
someone at fault for it.
 Many believed it was God.
 The plague caused trade to decline and shortage of
workers caused a dramatic rise in price of labor
 lowered demand for food
Late Middle Ages
• The Church would decline in power in the 1300s
• European kings began rejecting papal claims of
supremacy
• Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV had
consequences for the papacy
• King wanted to tax clergy
• Pope argued taxes required pope’s consent cause
popes were supreme over Church and state
Pope
King
Late Middle Ages
• Argument over which city the pope should resign in
• Great Schism occurred because there were two
popes each living in the prefer city
 The Great Schism created a political conflict as well
as damaged the Church
 So much degrading in church hurt peoples faith
 Church council met and ended the schism
 new pope, accepted by all was elected
The Hundred Years War
• War began over the duchy of Gasany in France
• England possessed it, France wanted it
• this started the Hundred Years War
• First major battle proved England was not organized nor had
enough resources at first
• French won battle of Crecy 1346
• English won battle of Agincourt 1415
• Joan of Arc would play a major role in saving the French from
defeat
• French would win in 1453
Political Recovery
 France:
 Spain:
 England: