Transcript File
TUDORS AND STUARTS Henry VII Became the first Tudor in 1485 after the War of the Roses He rebuilt England’s commercial ventures and expanded the wool trade to Europe Improved tax collection Avoided costly foreign wars Had two sons: Arthur and Henry Prince Arthur Older brother to Henry VIII Married Catherine of Aragon He dies in 1502, just six months after his marriage to Catherine Henry VIII Not quite 18 when his father died Handsome, intelligent, lively, rich Renaissance man Assertio Septem Sacramentorum Defender of the faith Not interested in statecraft but war (the sport of kings) Empson and Dudley - executed Huge differences between him and his father. Henry lived in a time of great monarchs Valois kings of France: Louis XII (1498-1515) Francis I (1515-47) Hapsburgs of Spain: Charles V Holy Roman Emperor (1515-56) 1511 Papacy, Spain, and Venice formed the Holy League - invited Henry - who attacked France 1512 Henry invades France but disastrous 1513 Henry invades again - wins Battle of the Spurs and gets Tournai Scots sign “Auld Alliance” with France English defeat the Scots at Flodden Field, King James IV is killed James V is the new king, Queen Margaret (Henry’s sister) is regent for the boy Henry decides to make peace with France His sister Mary marries Louis (52) who dies a year later 1520 Spain and France are back at war Henry meets Francis at the Field of the Cloth of Gold 1522 Henry allies with Spain against France Charles V defeats Francis at Pavia in Italy in 1525 and controls the pope Thomas Wolsey Vain, arrogant, and corrupt - continually accepted bribes - second richest man in England 1527 Henry is concerned with the validity of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon Leviticus declared a man who married his brother’s wife would be childless Henry had been 18, Catherine 24 but only one surviving child – Mary Henry worries about succession and has an illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond Between 1525-7 Henry falls for Anne Boleyn Catherine is 40 Henry asks Pope Clement VII for an annulment Dispensations for monarchs were common but Clement has 4 problems: a) Charles V (Rome) b) Charles and Catherine are related (nephew) c) Papal infallibility (Julius II) d) Lutheranism Wolsey fails the king and dies in disgrace Clergy in Tudor England not really respected. Resented by the people and lower clergy Resentment increased when money went to Rome Earlier breaks had been avoided: a) criticism of the papacy was political not religious b) 14th century kings treated well by the pope Henry regarded the church as a barrier to good government Clergy could demand to be tried by a court of clergy 1529 Henry summoned Parliament Initially, Henry hoped to scare the pope Late 1532 Catherine was moved from Whitehall and Anne put in her place Anne became pregnant 1533 Henry and Anne were secretly married 1533 - Act in Restraint of Appeals - king sovereign in England, no more appeals to the pope 1534 - Act for the Submission of the Clergy Henry was supreme head of the clergy and the Church in England Ended the independence of the clergy 1534 - Act of Supremacy acknowledged the king as supreme head of the English Church on earth An Act of Succession declared the throne should go to the children of the king and Anne Sir Thomas More was executed for not taking the oath In 1536 Henry dissolved the small monasteries 1539 the dissolved the rest Transition to Protestantism was easy with no Catholic strongholds to protest The people accepted these changes surprisingly well 1536 - Pilgrimage of Grace amounted to little The people were hostile to Rome and the dogma remained basically the same Daughter of king Ferdinand and Queen Isabella Henry divorced Catherine She still remained loyal to him and the Catholic faith Anne had been a maid of honor to Catherine Secretly married In 1536, charged Anne of adultery Beheaded on May 19, 1536 Jane Seymour Died shortly after giving birth to his son King Edward VI Anne of Cleves “Flander’s mare” Cromwell was disgraced and executed Marriage annulled Catherine Howard In 1542, convicted of adultery Henry had her executed Catherine Parr Brought order and unity to the disturbed family Outlived Henry Catherine of Aragon: divorced: Mary Anne Bolyn: beheaded: Elizabeth Jane Seymour: died: Edward Anne of Cleves: divorced: ugly Catherine Howard: beheaded Catherine Parr: survived Edward VI Only son of Henry Became king at nine 1549- Cranmer introduces the Book of Common Prayer for all services Died from several sicknesses in 1553 Mary Tudor Became queen after Edward died Devoted Catholic Nicknamed “Bloody Mary” Married Philip II of Spain she was 38 he was 27 Very unpopular 1554 Wyatt Rebellion -failed Elizabeth Became queen of England in 1558 Highly educated Used her authority for the common good of her people “Virgin Queen” 1563 Thirty-nine Articles -basic tenets of the Church 1588 - Armada Philip II (r 1556-1598) Son of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor ‘universal monarch’ Given control of the western Hapsburg empire 1580 united the peninsula by adding Portugal Hardworking, but very unlucky Married Mary I, his cousin El Escorial Outlived 4 wives Stuarts 1603-1714 CONSTITUTIONALISM France, Prussia, Russia - absolute states England, Holland - constitutional states Constitutionalism is limiting the govt. by law (may be written or unwritten) May be monarchies or Republics This is not democratic (no franchise for all) Yet England would experience the last of the great Religious Wars The Cromwell sandwich: James I, Charles I, Cromwell, Charles II, James II After Elizabeth died in 1603 she was succeeded by James I, who was also king of Scotland. Henry VII’s daughter, Margaret Tudor married James IV of Scotland I James V I Mary, Queen of Scots m. Lord Darnley I James VI 1603 James I (Stuart) replaced Elizabeth (Tudor) Believed he was only responsible to God and had control over everything which conflicted with the principle of due process Wrote The True Law of Free Monarchy wanted freedom from government, churchmen, and customs James was a divine right monarch (accountable only to God) who had forced the rough Scots to agree James was excited about controlling a country with six times the revenue of Scotland England was glad of a young king who had experience and was based on the European model. Even though he was gay James also had two sons which assured the line of succession. James looked much better than the old queen who had modeled herself on her father “wisest fool in Christendom” He could not live with the financial constraints of Parliament House of Commons governed the royal finances The members of the Commons were better educated than in previous govts. 1614-21 he ruled without Parliament 1618 the start of the Thirty Years’ War Frederick of Palatinate was James’s son-in-law But England was anti-Catholic and antiSpanish Charles I (1625-29) more insensitive than his father Charles I (1625) tried to rule without Parliament and it almost crippled the country Parliament didn’t trust Charles and wouldn’t give him money George Villiers – the earl of Buckingham became more influential Protestant but valued the ceremonies of Catholicism He continually demanded money from Parliament until they refused He forced a loan and arrested 76 people who refused to loan him money 1628 Charles still needed money so he was forced to recall Parliament Petition of Rights: a) king couldn’t borrow without consent of Parliament b) couldn’t arrest without due process The Stuarts tried to copy the French absolutist, but they erred when they taxed the nobility Many people believed the Reformation had not gone far enough Wanted to purify the Anglican Church of Catholic influences Most English were Calvinists, most zealous were Puritans James I and Charles I gave the impression of being sympathetic to Catholicism Charles supported archbishop of Canterbury William Laud’s goal of religious uniformity Laud insisted on complete uniformity with the “Court of High Commission” Wanted to impose on the Scots: a) new Anglican prayer book b) bishoprics Both rejected by the Scots who rebelled Charles was forced to recall Parliament to get funds Parliament was not willing to trust the king with an army August 1640 the Scots invaded England and took Northumberland and Durham Charles calls Parliament but they only want to discuss religious issues Charles disbands Parliament after 3 weeks Short Parliament Charles, desperate recalls Parliament Long Parliament sat from 1640-1660 1640 the Scots invaded northern England and captured Durham and Northumberland and held them for 850 pounds a day Charles I tried to get another force This time he went to Parliament for funding. Parliament: a) 1641 Triennial Act - king must summon Parliament every 3 years b) Impeached archbishop Laud c) Abolished the Court of High Commission Charles, fearful of an uprising, agreed 1641 the Irish Catholics also rebelled Exaggerated stories of Protestant massacres reached London The Commons voted to raise an army and get revenge Charles recruited army from nobility (Cavaliers) Parliament recruited an army (Roundheads) The English Civil War (1642-6) did not resolve the problem of who would hold the power King held the initial advantage 1642 Charles marched to London to end the war At the Battle of Edgehill Charles won an expensive victory The battle was watched by Oliver Cromwell Cromwell raised his own “New Model Army” Enforcing rigid discipline and religious zeal he became the most successful Parliamentary leader 1643 the king looked like being successful The Battle of Newbury was a draw but the king suffered great losses Parliament asked Scotland for an alliance Charles sought an alliance with the Irish 1644 the Scots entered England and marched on the Cavalier army at York 1644 at Marston Moor the royalist were badly defeated and their hold on the north was released 1645 at Naseby the king was finally defeated 1646 Charles surrendered to the Scots is the “Interregnum” or Puritan Commonwealth Theoretically, power rested with parliament Col Pride excluded 140 Presbyterian members of Parliament from entering and admitted only 5060 Independents Rump Parliament 1649 King Charles found guilty of treason 1649 the office of the king and the House of Lords abolished 1649-1660 The army controlled Parliament, Cromwell controlled the “New Model Army” “Protectorate” Cromwell’s rule was a military dictatorship 1653 Cromwell took control of Parliament i.e. the House of Commons 140 Puritan leaders were appointed – this was the Barebones Parliament Dec 1653 the Barebones Parliament is over 1653-9 The Protectorate Three groups evolved: a) Presbyterians - associated with the Church of England and Calvin b) Independents - rejected a compulsory church c) Radical Puritans i. Fifth Monarchy - waiting for the second coming of Christ ii. Levellers - universal male suffrage, guarantees of popular sovereignty iii. Diggers - agrarian communists against private property Cromwell: a) divided the country into 12 military districts b) The Instrument of Government gave religious freedom to all, except Catholics c) crushed rebellions in Ireland – Wexford and Drogheda d) enforced the Navigation Acts (English goods English ships) which led to Anglo-Dutch Wars e) welcomed Jews The state: a) censored the press b) forbade sport c) closed the theaters Cromwell was an absolutist - died 1658 Richard Cromwell was a poor leader General Monck returned from Scotland and recalled the Long Parliament He then forced Parliament to dissolve itself The new Parliament of 1660 invited Charles II to return as king The Restoration - 1660 Reestablished the monarchy - Charles II Both houses of Parliament were restored Law courts restored New Triennial Act Failed in two areas • What was the attitude of the state towards Puritans, Catholics, and dissenters? • What was the relationship between king and Parliament? Test Act of 1673 To enforce religious conformity those who refused to receive the sacraments of the Church of England: a) could not vote b) hold public office c) preach or teach d) attend university e) assemble for meetings CABAL 5 advisors appointed by the king, also members of Parliament: Clifford; Arlington; Buckingham; AshleyCooper; Lauderdale Gave rise to ministerial responsibilities Parliament did not give Charles enough money to rule - but acknowledged his divine right For £200,000, (742,000 total) Charles agrees to: a) relax laws against Catholics b) re-catholicize England c) support France against the Dutch policies d) convert to Catholicism The people feared: a) a Catholic dynasty b) hated Louis XIV and absolutism c) hated Catholicism The Commons passed a bill excluded Catholics for the throne Charles dissolved Parliament - the bill never passed Glorious Revolution Charles II was made king with the same conditions as before the civil war 1660s saw England develop mercantilist policies especially with overseas trade The Navigation Acts increased British trade and hurt the Dutch 1652-4 Three Anglo-Dutch Wars severely hurt the Dutch Charles II preferred Catholicism Secretly he promised to help Louis XIV (cousin) make England Catholic for a loan Charles had no children so his brother James II succeeded him James appointed Catholics to high positions contrary to the Test Act James suspended the law at will and England feared absolutism He also declared religious freedom for all Two events signaled revolution i) seven bishops were arrested for not complying with the Declaration of Indulgence ii) James’s second wife produced a male heir Triumph of Government Wealthy English men offered the throne to James’s Protestant daughter Mary and William The “Glorious Revolution” had very little blood and was the end of divine-right monarchy in England William and Mary accepted the throne but recognized the supremacy of Parliament The rights of the people were listed in the Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights Laws were made by parliament and could not be suspended by the Crown Parliament had to be called at least every 3 years The Crown would not interfere with Parliament Judges would be independent No standing army in peace time English monarch must be Protestant Freedom of worship to Protestant dissenters Feb 13, 1688, the Declaration of Rights was accepted and proclaimed by William and Mary. Declaration had three main parts: 1. an indictment of James II and his transgressions, 2. a declaration of the rights of citizens. 3. William and Mary declared King and Queen of England, with William to exercise all power during his lifetime. John Locke Second Treatise of Civil Government defended the revolution: a) People set up governments to protect life, liberty, and property b) If government oversteps the bounds then it is tyranny, people have a natural right to revolt The revolution was not democratic Sovereignty rested with Parliament Parliament reflected the Upper Class Created a constitutional monarchy - the age of aristocratic government