Transcript Isms - Cloudfront.net

Isms
Study like you mean it!!!!!!!!
Positivism
• A theory that rejects old ways of thinking – in
terms of religion, fairy tales, and other beliefs
that people have without evidence; and
replaces it with a trust in ‘positive’
knowledge – that is, information taken from
scientific observation and experimentation.
Methodism
• A religious movement started by John Wesley
in England. It was a response to corruption in
the Church of England. It rejected Calvin’s
idea of predestination (that people could not
achieve salvation because God had already
elected who was saved), and instead taught
that ANY person could achieve salvation if
they looked for it with all of their heart.
Neoclassicism
• A revival of ‘classical’ Greek and Roman
opinions, attitudes, and ideas – specifically,
reason, form, and restraint in literature and
speech.
Realism
• An artistic style during the Renaissance that
rejected abstraction and idealization of the
human form, in favor of realistic
representation of the human body.
JANSENISM
• Within Roman
Catholicism, a religious
movement that
appeared chiefly in
France, the Low
Countries, and Italy in
the 17th and 18th
centuries. It believed
that God had already
pre-destined the elect.
ANARCHISM
A political theory that the government should be
abolished resulting in absolute individual liberty.
Socialism
a political movement in opposition to the
emergence of individualism and the fragmentation
of society; worked towards cooperation and a
sense of community, the key ideas were planning,
greater economic equality and state regulation of
property.
Communism
• A theoretical economic system characterized by
the collective ownership of property and by the
organization of labor for the common advantage
of all members.
•
Liberalism
• A philosophy committed to the ideal of limited
government, constitutionalism, rule of law, due
process, and liberty of individuals including
freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly,
and free markets
Absolutism
• Absolutism: a government form that features
one powerful rule, who claims absolute
control over their domain.
Enlightenment
• Enlightenment: the spread of secular, rational
thinking. It featured the belief that man could
effectively solve problems, and that civilization
was progressing.
Despotism
• Despotism: another term for rule by one
person; often used as a pejorative to indicate
the negative effects of rule by one allpowerful person.
German Pietism
• Originally a German
Lutheran religious
movement of the 17th
and 18th centuries.
Pietism emphasized
heart felt religious
devotion, ethical purity
(moral principals; right
and wrong), and
charitable activity.
Jingoism
• The spirit, policy, or practice of a jingo which is
a person who declares his or her patriotism
loudly.. They believed that their country was
the best and often showed enthusiasm for the
wars to support their country against another
country.
Old Imperialism
• the colonialism widespread in the sixteenth
century when powers like Great Britain,
France, Spain began expanding their empires
through war and conquest. They took away
peoples land by using military force – mainly
in the Americas.
new IMPERIALISM
• The new imperialism took place between
1870 and 1914. Like the old imperialism, its
main aim was to conquer and control, rather
than establish trading relations.
capitalism
• Capitalism is an economic
system featuring
competitive markets,
without or limited
interference from the govt.
• you are free to earn and
gain as much as possible
• Capital itself refers to any
asset that can be traded for
other assets, or valuables.
Pluralism
• Pluralism- the holding of two or more offices
at the same time.
• Example: During the catholic reformation The
Cardinals would usually have more that one
office in church.
Nepotism
• Nepotism- The favoring relatives by giving
them jobs.
• Favoritism (as in appointment to a job) based
on kinship.
• Getting a job from a family or a relative
absenteesism
• Absenteeism- the practice of holding an office
in the Catholic Church, while not actually
attending to it, or being present at the actual
site of the office.
secularism
• Secularism- The rejection of religion; no
religion belief.
Bullionism
• an economic theory that defines wealth by the amount of precious
metals owned.
Mercantilism
• an economic system focused on increasing a
nation's wealth by government regulation of all
of the nation's commercial interests.
Serfdom
• The system wherein a serf, or a member of the
lowest feudal class, is attached to the land
owned by a lord and required to perform labor
in return for certain legal or customary rights.
Federalism
• A system of government in which power is
divided between a central authority and
constituent political units.
Heliocentrism
• Definition: A model in which the sun is the
center of the universe; with all the planets
including the Earth revolting around the sun.
This contradicted Aristotle’s belief of the Earth
being the center of the universe.
Empiricism
• The theory that all knowledge is learned from
experience.
Rationalism
• Definition: The belief
that reason provides the
primary basics of
knowledge rather that
experience .
Deism
• The view that there is a supreme being;
however, it put man on Earth and left it to
themselves.
Is the limitation of government by law
Also implies a balance between the authority
and power of the government
Romanticism was characterized by a belief
in emotional energy, uncontrolled
imagination, and inspiration in both are and
personal life.
A political movement that advocates the idea of a STRONG and
CENTRALIZED state, based on a popular support of a strong man.
People who aimed to restore the French Empire under the House of
Bonaparte
A working class movement for political reform in Britain between 1838
& 1848
the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who
supported better social and economic conditions for working people
Feudalism
• Social system in which Lords held pieces of
land from the king in exchange for their
allegiance and assistance during battle.
• The peasants lived on lords land and give him
labor in exchange for military protection.
Humanism
The return to favor of the pagan classics
which stimulated the philosophy of
secularism, the appreciation of worldly
pleasures, and above all intensified the
assertion of personal independence and
individual expression. Zeal for the classics
was a result as well as a cause of the growing
secular view of life. Expansion of trade,
growth of prosperity and luxury, and
widening social contacts generated interest
in worldly pleasures, in spite of formal
allegiance to ascetic Christian doctrine.
Scholasticism
• The system of the study of knowledge, reality,
and existence taught in medieval universities
• Based on the philosophy of Aristotles logic
and the writing of the early church leaders
Presbyterianism
• form of christian church based on the
administration by ranked courts composed of the
clergy and others. It is between
episcopacy(government of a church by bishops)
and congregationalism( churches self governing).
For the most part Presbyterianism has the same
beliefs as Calvinism. It is believed that the bible is
the rule, discipline, and faith of the government.
They do not think that state interference within
church affairs is right.
Arminianism
• a way of thought that was based on the teachings of a
Dutch theologian, Jacob Arminius. It is more commonly
found in Methodist(Protestant Christianity
Movements) areas. It is in some way alike, but different
from Calvinism( belief of justification by faith alone and
emphasizes the grace of God and the belief of
predestination-life being set before it happens.)
Although both of these appeal to religion they still
differ, mostly in parts of the ideas of election and
predestination. Thoughts of preventing grace
suggested that people let happen to them what they
let happen. For example someone can be saved or not
be saved it all depends on the person.
Nationalism
• Is a sense of loyalty to a community based on
a common/shared set of ideas, language,
beliefs which promotes pride and
competitiveness.
Imperialism
• A right to extend a country’s power or
political influence through military force (war)
or international relations.
Urbanization
• The act of urbanizing or having a community
become more of a city or small town. The
urbanization of society was a result of the
Industrial Revolution
Autocracy
• A system of government by one person with
absolute power.
Orthodoxy
• Authorized or generally accepted theory,
doctrine, or practice
– This term can be used in religion to describe a
particularly strict form: Orthodox Judaism, for
example.
• The Orthodox Church - A Christian church or federation
of churches originating in the Greek-speaking church of
the Byzantine Empire, not accepting the authority of
the pope in Rome, and using ancient forms of service
Russification
• A process of changing the national identity of
non-Russians to an identity culturally similar
to that of the Russians.
Conservatism
• a political philosophy emphasizing the need
for the principles of natural law and
transcendent moral order, tradition, hierarchy
and organic unity, agrarianism, classicism, and
monarchy.
• Often labeled "reactionary" and
"counterrevolutionary” after the 19th century.
Cubism
• An early 20th-century style and movement in
art, especially painting, in which perspective
with a single viewpoint was abandoned and
use was made of simple geometric shapes,
interlocking planes, and, later, collage
Expressionism
• An art movement early in the 20th century;
the artist's subjective expression of inner
experiences was emphasized; an inner feeling
was expressed through a distorted rendition
of reality
Subjectivity
• Based on or influenced by personal feelings,
tastes, or opinions.
Impressionism
• A style or movement in painting originating in
France in the 1860s, characterized by a
concern with depicting the visual impression
of the moment, esp. in terms of the shifting
effect of light and color
Monarchy
• A monarchy is a form of government in which
all political power is absolutely or nominally
held by an individual, known as a monarch
("single ruler”), or king.
Aristocracy
• A privileged social class who own a large
share of a society's wealth, prestige,
educational attainment and political
influence acquired mostly through gift or
inheritance from a long line of privileged
and cultivated ancestors. And a form of
government in which the state is
effectively controlled by the members of
such a class. See Monarchy.
Democracy
• A system of government by the whole
population or all the eligible members of a
state (direct decisions = “direct democracy),
most typically through elected representatives
(called a Republic).
Republicanism
• Belief in a political state in which supreme
power is held by the people and their elected
representatives, and which has an elected or
nominated president rather than a monarch