Transcript Ch 12 ppt - Gull Lake Community Schools

12
The Making of Europe in
the Middle Ages
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The New Kingdoms of the Old
Western Empire
The Emergence of Europe in the
Early Middle Ages

The New Germanic Kingdom
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Forms of Roman and Germanic fusion
Kingdom of the Franks
• Clovis (482-511)
• Converted to Christianity
• Division of the Frankish kingdom
Society of the Germanic Peoples
• Family the crucial bond
• German law
• Wergeld (fine paid by the wrongdoer)
Role of the Christian Church
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
The Organization of the Church
The Monks and Their Mission
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Spread of Christianity
Charlemagne and the
Carolingians
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Background of the Carolingians
Charles the Great (768-814)
 Patron of learning
 Created an empire in western Europe
Crowned Roman Emperor in 800
 The idea of the Roman Empire still important
 Fusion of Roman, German, and Christian elements
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Charlemagne’s Empire
The World of Lords and Vassals
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Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries

Muslims and Magyars
• Muslims attack southern coasts of Europe and raid into
southern France
• Magyars from western Asia
•
•

Moved into eastern and central Europe
Magyars defeated at battle of Lechfeld, 955; converted to
Christianity
The Vikings
• Scandinavia
• Warriors, shipbuilders, and sailors
• Danes occupied northeastern England by 878
• Occupied part of France, Normandy
Development of Fief-Holding
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Breakdown of government
Vassalage
 Contract between a lord and his subordinate (vassal)
 Nobles took control of vast lands and gave grants to vassals who fought
for their lord
 Change in the military beginning in the eighth century
 Grant of land made to each vassal
 The Practice of Fief-Holding came to be characterized by set of practices
known as the feudal contract
 Major characteristics:
• Vassal owes the lord 40 days a year military service
• Vassal had to go to the lord’s court to give advice
• Vassal might sit in judgment of other vassals
• Vassal responsible for financial aid
• Lord obligated to protect & maintain his vassal
Manorial system
 The Manor: estate operated by a lord and worked by peasants
 Serfs
 Demesne: the lord’s land worked by peasants
 Other services provided by peasants
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
A Medieval Manor
Europe in the High Middle Ages
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The New Agriculture
 Increased land put under production
 Technological changes: iron implements, use of horses
 Watermills and windmills
 Shift from two-field to three-field rotation system
Daily life of the Peasantry
 Simple life
 Women bore children and worked the fields
 Food staple was bread
The Nobility of the Middle Ages
 Held the political, economic, and social power
 Were warriors
 Social divisions based on wealth and landholdings
 Aristocratic women
• Could legally hold property
• Remained under the control of men
• Managed the estate (castle) while husband off to war
• Oversaw the food supply
• Were some very dominant women: e.g., Eleanor of Aquitaine (c.
1122-1204)
The Revival of Trade
 Revival
began in the eleventh and twelfth
centuries
 Gradual process
 Centers of growth: Italian states, Flanders
 Increase demand for money; growth of banking
Growth of Cities
 Beginning
in 10th century, many new cities in
northern Europe
 Fortified strongholds by merchants for trade
 Unique laws for cities
 Develop own governments
 Cities remained small, Europe remains rural
Daily Life in the Medieval City
 Walled,
narrow streets, crowded living conditions
 Most people were merchants
 Dirty and smelly, relied on wells for water
 Women might have more independence
Europe in the High Middle Ages
Evolution of the European Kingdoms:
England in the High Middle
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William of Normandy (1066-1087)
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Henry II (1154-1189), Plantagenet
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Expand the power of the royal courts
John (1199-1216)
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Defeated Harold in 1066
Grants fiefs to Norman knights
Magna Carta, 1215
• Feudal liberties
Edward I (1272-1307)

English Parliament, 1295
• Two knights from every county and two residents from each
town meet with the Grand Council
• House of Lords and House of Commons
• Law made in consultation with representatives
Evolution of the European Kingdoms:
Growth of the French Kingdom
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Division of Carolingian Empire, 843
Hugh Capet chosen as king, 987
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Philip II Augustus (1180-1223)
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Lands around Paris, Ile-de-France
Many dukes more powerful that the Capetian kings
Gained control of most of the English holdings in France
Philip IV the Fair (1285-1314)

Estates General, 1302
The Lands of the Holy Roman
Empire

The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire
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Dukes of the Saxons became kings
Otto I (936-973)
Germans interference in Italy; creation of the Holy
Roman Empire
Hohenstaufen dynasty
Frederick I (1152-1190); Frederick II (1212-1250)
Devolution of Germany into independent kingdoms
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The Migrations of the Slavs
The Slavic People of Central and
Eastern Europe
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Asian invaders: Huns, Bulgars, Avars, Magyars
Three groups of slavs
Western Slav
 Poles and Bohemians kingdoms
 Converted to Catholic or Western Christianity
Southern Slavs
 Converted to Eastern or Orthodox Christianity
Eastern Slavs
Development of Russia
 Oleg
(c. 873-913), created the Rus state of Kiev
 Vladimir (c. 980-1015), becomes Orthodox
Christian
 Problems of the eleventh and twelfth centuries
 Alexander Nevsky (c. 1220-1263)
 Defeated an invading German army in 1242
 Cooperated with the Mongols and rewarded
with title of grand prince
Christianity and Medieval
Civilization

The Papal Monarchy
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Control over the papal states
Increasingly became involved in political matters
High officials came to hold their offices as fiefs from nobles
Reform of the Papacy
The Church Supreme
New Religious Orders and New Spiritual Ideas
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Cistercian order; founded in 1098
Women actively involved
Francis of Assisi (1182-1226), Franciscans
Dominic de Guzmán (1170-1221), Dominicans
Holy Office, Inquisition
The Culture of the High Middle
Ages
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Rise of Universities
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Development of Scholasticism
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Irnerius (1088-1125), Bologna, first university in Europe
Competition for new universities
Liberal arts curriculum
Degrees
Theology; “queen of all sciences”
Scholasticism: philosophical and theological system of the
medieval schools
Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), Summa Theologica
Gothic Cathedral
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Ribbed vaults and pointed arches replaced the barrel vault
Flying buttress
Abbey of Saint-Denis
Bayeux Cathedral
The Bayeux Cathedral in northern
France, with its soaring vaulted
ceiling and somber grey stone, is
an excellent example of Norman
Gothic architecture. Like all
European cathedrals, it has
undergone numerous architectural
modifications over the centuries.
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The Early Crusades
Medieval Europe and the World: The Crusades
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The First Crusades
 Pope Urban II, 1088-1099
• Alexius I asked for help
• Council of Clermont, 1095
 First Crusade, 1096-1099
• Jerusalem, 1099
• Crusader feudal states
 Second Crusade, 1147-1149
• Edessa recaptured by Muslims, 1144
• Failure
 Third Crusade, 1189-1192
• Saladin captures Jerusalem in 1187
• Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I the Lionhearted of
England, Philip II Augustus of France
Later Crusades
 The Fourth Crusade
 A series of failed efforts to recapture the Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
The Crisis of the Late Middle
Ages: The Black Death
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
Fourteenth century: change in weather; famine, plague
The Black Death
 Bubonic plague
• Originated in Asia
• Reached Europe in October, 1347
• 50-60 percent death rate
• Of estimated 75 million people as many as 38 million died
• Attempts to explain the plague
•
•
•
Punishment by God or sent by the devil
Flagellants
Anti-Semitism
Economic Dislocation and Social
Upheaval
 Consequences
 Trade
of so many deaths
declined
 Industry suffered
 Labor shortage and increase in price of labor
 Peasants convert labor services to rent
 English Peasant’s Revolt, 1381
Political Instability

The Hundred Years’ War, 1337-1453
 Edward III of England also Duke of Gascony, France
 Philip VI of France seized Gascony, 1337
 Edward declares war, but the dispute is over the French
crown
 The two armies
 Battle of Crécy, 1346
 Battle of Agincourt, 1415
 Joan of Arc, 1429-1431
• The liberation of Orléans
• Captured, charged with witchcraft and burned at the stake, 1431

Political Disintegration
 By 14th century the feudal order was breaking down
 Professional soldiers
The Decline of the Church

Boniface VIII, 1294-1303
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King Philip IV of France, 1285-1314
French pope, Clement V, 1305-1314
The Papacy at Avignon (1305-1377)

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Criticism of the lifestyle at Avignon
Papacy returned to Rome, 1378
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
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Pope’s supreme power over both church and state
Pope Urban VI, 1378-1389, Rome
Pope Clement VII, 1378-14, Avignon
The Great Schism



France and its allies support Avignon and England and its allies
support Rome
Damaging to the faith of Christian believers
Council of Constance, 1417
The Renaissance
 Italians
believe they have witnessed a “rebirth”
between 1350 and 1550
 Renaissance Italy largely urban
 Emphasis on individual ability
 New Social Ideal: “universal person”
The Intellectual Renaissance

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Italian Renaissance Humanism
 Liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral
philosophy, and history)
Petrarch (1304-1374)
• Rejected scholastic philosophy
• Emphasize classics


Florence
 Service to the state
Impact of Printing
 Johannes Gutenberg
• Movable metal type, 1445-1450
• Bible, 1455 or 1456
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
Development of scholarly research
Lay reading public
The Artistic Renaissance
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Searching for naturalism
Humans became the focus of attention in art
New Renaissance style
 Laws of perspective and geometrical organization of
outdoor space and light
 Investigation of movement and anatomical structure
High Renaissance
 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
• Realism and idealism

Raphael (1483-1520)
• Ideal of beauty

Michelangelo (1475-1564)
• Divine beauty
Chambord, France
Van Eyck, The
Annunciation, c.
1435
Van Eyck,
The Virgin
of the
Chancellor
Rodin, 1435
Van Eyck,
Betrothal of
the Arnolfini,
1434
Detail from
The Betrothal
(back wall)
Dürer, Paumgartner Altarpiece,
c. 1498-1504
Dürer,
St. Michael’s
Fight Against
the Dragon,
1498
Dürer,
SelfPortrait
at 13,
1484
Dürer,
SelfPortrait
at 22,
1493
Dürer,
SelfPortrait
at 26,
1498
Dürer,
SelfPortrait at
28,
1500
Dürer,
The Large
Turf,
watercolor
on paper,
1503
Dürer,
Wing of a
Roller,
1512
Dürer,
Melencolia I,
1514
Europe in the Second Half of the
Fifteenth Century
The Italian States
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Major States
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Venice
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Trade in the eastern Mediterranean and into northern Europe
Oligarchy of merchant-aristocrats
Florence
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

Milan: Ruled by the French house of Anjou;
Sicily : Ruled by the Spanish house of Aragon
Papal States: Ruled by the Popes
Cosmo de’ Medici (1434-1464) controlled the oligarchy
Republican government for appearances
Beginning in 1494, Italy became battleground in struggle
between France and Spain
The State in the Renaissance:
Western Europe



France
 Impact of the Hundred Year’s War
 Louis XI, 1461-83, of France
England
 Impact of the Hundred Year’s War
 War of the Roses, ended in 1485
 Henry VII, 1485-1509, Tudors
 Abolished private armies
Spain
 Isabella of Castile, 1474-1504
 Ferdinand of Aragon, 1479-1516
 Religious uniformity led to persecutions of Jews and
Muslims
The State in the Renaissance:
Central and Eastern Europe



Holy Roman Empire
 After 1438, Habsburgs become the Holy Roman
Emperors
 Ruled collective possessions known as Austria
Eastern Europe
 Rulers struggled to achieve centralization of territorial
states
 Religious difficulties -- Roman Catholics, Eastern
Orthodox, and other groups such as the Mongols
Russia
 Ivan III, 1462-1505 the Russian state was born
 Annexed other Russian principalities
 Threw off the Mongols in 1480
Discussion Questions
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How was the Roman Christian Church organized?
How did fief holding develop?
How did the Huns, Bulgars, Avars, and Magyars affect the
development of central and eastern Europe?
How did the revival of trade influence the growth of cities?
How did the political instability of the fourteenth century
contribute to the decline of feudal society?
What conditions in Italy contributed to the emergence of
the Renaissance?
What were the major political trends of the fifteenth
century?