Transcript Black Death, 1348–1350

The Europeans 1066-1450
1066 conquered by
Duke William of
Normandy (France)
Impact
• French language and
culture dominant
The Europeans 1066-1450
1066 conquered by Duke William of
Normandy (France)
Impact
• Feudalism
The Europeans 1066-1450
Lord
(Landlord)
Clergy
Barons/Vassals
Knights
Artisans
Peasants (villagers and serfs)
The Europeans 1066-1450
The Europeans 1066-1450
The Europeans 1066-1450
The Europeans 1066-1450
The Europeans 1066-1450
The Europeans 1066-1450
The Europeans 1066-1450
The Europeans 1066-1450
Black Death, 1348–1350
Black Death, 1348–1350
Precursor: overpopulation & malnutrition
agricultural improvements increase food supply; European
population doubles, 1000–1300, thereafter outstripping food
production
Black Death, 1348–1350
Precursor: overpopulation & malnutrition
1315–1317: crop failures produce worst famine of Middle Ages
• The Little Ice Age
Black Death, 1348–1350
Black Death, 1348–1350
Black Death, 1348–1350
Causes
Trade
• Bubonic plague (“Black
Death”) followed trade routes
from Asia into Europe,
probably via fleas on rats
from Black Sea area
Black Death, 1348–1350
Map 9–1 SPREAD OF THE
BLACK DEATH Apparently
introduced by seaborne rats
from Black Sea areas where
plague-infested rodents had
long been known, the Black
Death brought huge human,
social, and economic
consequences. One of the lower
estimates of Europeans dying is
25 million. The map charts the
plague’s spread in the midfourteenth century. Generally
following trade routes, the
plague reached Scandinavia by
1350, and some believe it then
went on to Iceland and even
Greenland. Areas off the main
trade routes were largely
spared.
Black Death, 1348–1350
popular remedies: relevant
medical knowledge absent
promiscuity & abandon
flight & seclusion
temperance & moderation
self-flagellation
Medicine
aromatic amulets
Black Death, 1348–1350
Causes
Jews
• Scapegoats
• Blamed for poisoning wells
and spreading the plague
• Financial gain also an
important motive in killing
Jews
Black Death (cont.)
Black Death (cont.)
Economic consequences:
dramatic labor shortage,
climbing wages for laborers
& artisans
falling agricultural,
climbing luxury prices—
noble landowners hardest
hit
attempts to freeze wages &
force peasants to stay on
land  peasant revolts
Black Death (cont.)
Political/social consequences:
Revolts in the cities
• artisan guilds win some political power
kings take advantage of weakened nobility & church
Reaction to the Plague
Triumph des Todes
Reaction to the Plague
The Triumph of Death
by Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Reaction to the Plague
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Reaction to the Plague
Danza Macabra
Hundred Years’ War (1337–
1453)
English king Edward III’s
claim on French throne,
thwarted by accession of
first Valois king, Philip VI
(r. 1328–1350)
Hundred Years’ War (1337–
1453)
Larger cause: EnglishFrench territorial,
commercial, & cultural
rivalry
Hundred Years’ War (1337–
1453)
French weakness: larger &
wealthier, but more
internal discord
Hundred Years’ War (cont.)
First phase (under Edward III)
Flanders allies with England,
recognizing Edward as king of France,
1340
Battle of Crecy
The English seize Calais, 1346
English rout near Poitiers, 1356; French
king John II taken captive
1360 treaty: John II ransomed, English
claims in France recognized, Edward
renounces claim to French throne
Calais
The
‘dagger’
pointing at
the ‘heart’
of England!
Hundred Years’ War (cont.)
Second phase (Treaty of Troyes)
English war effort flags due to peasant
revolts
recommences with English victory at
Agincourt, 1415
Duchy of Burgundy joins English
Treaty of Troyes, 1420: named English
Henry V successor to French Charles
VI, but both soon die
Hundred Years’ War (cont.)
Third phase (Joan of Arc)
French teenage peasant Joan of
Arc declares call from God to
deliver besieged Orléans from
English
Tired English repulsed, followed
by string of French victories
Joan captured 1430, tried &
burned as heretic at English-held
Rouen
English forced back, conclude war
with Calais as only French
possession (1453)
Summary: 68 years of peace, 44
years of war; France devastated,
but national feeling awakened;
English & French peasants suffer
most from taxes & services
Late Medieval Church
Papal monarchy (plentitude of power) established
by Pope Innocent III strengthened the church
politically, but weakened it spiritually—
undermined popular support
Demise of Hohenstaufens took away galvanizing
enemy of church, made it vulnerable
Innocent’s successor’s: tightened & centralized
church legal proceedings; elaborated clerical
taxation; broadened papal powers of appointment
Boniface VIII (r. 1294–1303) vs.
Philip the Fair (r. 1285–1314)
French & English kings raise taxes on clergy;
Boniface decrees new taxes need papal consent
French king Philip the Fair cuts off flow of money
to Rome; Boniface concedes
Boniface issues Unam Sanctam (1302), as
confrontation with Philip ramps up, asserting
subordination of temporal to spiritual power
French army assault & molest Boniface, who later
dies
Result: popes never again seriously threaten
European rulers
Avignon Papacy (1309–1377)
Pope Clement V moves papal court here to
escape strife of Rome
To get needed revenue, papal taxes go up,
and sale of indulgences begins
Pope John XXII (r. 1316–1334)—most
powerful Avignon pope
John Wycliffe (d. 1384) and John
Huss (d. 1415)
Lollards: followers of Wycliffe, English
spokesman for rights of royalty against
popes; challenged indulgences, papal
infallibility, transubstantiation—anticipates
Protestantism
Hussites: followers of Huss, rector of
University of Prague—similar to Lollards
Great Schism (1378–1417)
Urban VI and Clement VII—rival popes;
England & allies support Urban, France &
allies support Clement
Conciliar Theory: idea that a representative
council could regulate actions of pope
Council of Pisa (1409–1410): deposed
Urban & Clement (who refused to step
down), elected Alexander V—three
contending popes
Great Schism (1378–1417)
Council of Constance (1414–1417):
provides for regular councils every few
years
Council of Basel (1431–1449): height of
conciliar government of church; negotiated
directly with heretics (Hussites)
results of conciliar movement: greater
religious responsibility to laity & secular
governments