Transcript Internal Hardware of a computerx

Internal hardware of a computer
Learning Objectives
• Learn how the processor works
• Learn about the different types of memory and what
memory is used for.
• Learn how buses ae used to pass data and
instructions
• Learn the difference between von Neumann and
Harvard Architecture
Internal hardware of a computer
Components
Animation link
https://prezi.com/sb5cg_6wybtn/the-parts-of-a-computer-andwhich-one-you-should-choose/
Main components are:
• Processor (CPU)
• Main Memory (RAM)
• ROM
• Buses
• Input/output controllers
• Hard Drive
• Sound card
• Graphics Card
Internal hardware of a computer
Components
Central Processing unit
Bus
Processor
Main
Memory
Input/Output
Internal hardware of a computer
Components
Central Processing unit
The brain of the system
Executes programs
A big finite state machine
Typical processor contains 100,000,000 transistors
Moore’s law – number of components integrated into a single chip
doubles every 18-24 months
• Synced by clock speek of up to billions of instructions per second
• Can have multiple cores
• Prime manufacturers are Intel and AMD
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Internal hardware of a computer
Components
Main Memory
• Also known as ROM, RAM or IAS (Immediate access store)
• Mainly used to store program instructions and data
• Integrated onto bigger boards to store up to 16gig in 64bit
computers
• ROM – Read only memory
• RAM – Random Access Memory
• EEPROM – Electrically erasable programmable read only
memory
• RAM has fast accesss via memory addresses
• All programs and data is loaded into RAM before execution
• RAM is volatile.
Internal hardware of a computer
Components
Main Memory - RAM
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RAM has fast access via memory addresses
Made of millions of cells which each has its own address
All programs and data is loaded into RAM before execution
More RAM means more applications can be loaded in.
RAM is volatile.
APPLICATIONS
LIBRARY PROGRAMS
UTILITY PROGRAMS
OPERATING SYSTEM
Internal hardware of a computer
Components
Main Memory - ROM
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Read only memory
Non-Volatile
Contains the boot up instructions of a PC
Contains the BIOS
Internal hardware of a computer
Components
Main Memory – Addressable Memory
• All memory cells are addressable.
• Memory map shows allocation of data and applications to
memory.
• Memory addresses usually shown in Hexadecimal.
APPLICATIONS
LIBRARY PROGRAMS
UTILITY PROGRAMS
OPERATING SYSTEM
87FF
83FF
8200
8000
Internal hardware of a computer
Components
Buses
• Microscopic parallel wires connecting up componenets
• Data Bus
• Bi-direction bus consisting of 32-64 wires (depending on
the word length of the computer)
• Carries data to and fro memory, processor and the I/O
controllers
• Address bus
• One directional bus consisting of 32-64 wires
• Carries addresses of instructions or location of data in the
memory.
• Word length determines how many addressable cells you
can access – modern computers could have 264 addresses
Internal hardware of a computer
Components
Buses
• Microscopic parallel wires connecting up componenets
• Control Bus
• Bi-directional bus that sends control signals to all the
registers, data and address buses
• Controls access to the data and address buses. Making
sure that the data is going the right way.
• Sends the clock pulse round the system.
Internal hardware of a computer
Components
I/O Controllers
Linked to the ports on the back of the motherboard.
Acts as an intermediary between the CPU and the IO Devices
Handles data flow between CPU and device.
Translates signals from device into ones understood by the
processor
• Responds slowly so buffers data in order so that the processor
does not have to wait for device.
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Internal hardware of a computer
Computer architectures
Stored program concept
 Proposed by John von Neumann and Alan Turing
 A program must be resident in main memory to be executed
 machine code instructions are fetched, one after another, from
main memory in sequence and are executed, one at a time in the
processor.
Internal hardware of a computer
Computer architectures
Von Neumann stored program computer
 A serial machine
 Instructions are fetched one after anaother
 Single memory shared between program instructions and data.
 Data and instructions travel along a shared data bus.
Harvard stored program computer
 Separate instruction and data memories
 Separate instruction and data buses
 Still functions as a serial computer
Use more in mobile devices
Harvard Vs Von Neumann
No sharing resources with accessing data and instructions so the
performance speed of a Harvard infrastructure is better.
Exercises
1) You have a budget of £2000. What is the best computer you can buy
with that money.
2) In your research you need to talked about the individual
component and what some of the figures mean – for instance clock
speed, RAM, etc and how they affect the performance.
3) Come up with a couple of choices and justify the best one.
4) What purpose have you built your computer for?
5) Present your findings to the class in a Power Point.