Transcript 4. History of Computing Technology

4. HISTORY OF COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY
HISTORY OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Hardware &
circuitry
Networking
Programming
Computer
systems
evolution
Operating
systems
User
interfaces
FOCUS OF COMPUTING
Manufacturing
Distribution
Information
The Customer
1900 – 1960
Mainframe
1960 – 1990
Personal comp.
1990 – 2010
Network comp.
2010 – present
Smart comp.
EVOLUTION OF CIRCUITRY
1950s
Vacuum
tubes
Machine
language
Early
1960s
Transistors
High level
programs
cheaper
Mid 1960s
– 1970s
Integrated
circuits
Timesharing
Minicomputers
Mid 1970s
– present
VLSI &
micro
processors
PC, GUI,
LANs &
Internet
PRE - 1947
1642
•Blaise Pascal’s
calculator
1674
•Gottfried Leibniz’s
mechanical calculator
1804
•Joseph-Marie Jacquard’s loom
•Automatic programmable
weaving machine using
punched cards control
1938
1943
•Konrad Zuse
programmable electronic
calculator (Z1)
•Z3 first calculator
capable of automatic
operation
•Mark I (IBM & Harvard Univ.)
•Huge programmable electronic
calculator using electro-mechanical
relays
1946/7
1890
•Hollerith’s tabulating
machine using punched
cards
1822
•Charles Babbage’s complex
clockwork calculator solving
equations and printing
results
•ENIAC (Eckert J. & Mauchly J.)
•Programmable digital computer
used mainly to solve math problems
•30 seconds to computer trajectories
•Used 17 480 vacuum tubes
POST 1946/7
•Idea of STORED PROGRAM
CONCEPT
•Beginning of generations of
true computers
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS I
Generation
Characteristics
Pros & Cons
First (1940 1956)
Input –punched cards
Circuitry – vacuum tubes (limited)
Storage – magnetic tapes for unlimited storage
and magnetic drums
Stored program concept
Machine language
Frequent failure of
vacuum tubes (too
much down time)
Pros & cons of
machine languages
Second (1956 - Used transistors in place of vacuum tubes
1963)
Input – punched cards
Batch processing
Printers, tape storage and disk storage
Assembly language used & the
conceptualisation of high-level language
programming
Also mainframes ( large expensive computer
designed to meet all organisation’s computing
needs)
ASCII – character set
Faster, smaller and
more reliable
computers
Faster I/O devices
Ran one job at a
time (inconvenient)
Time consuming
and inefficient
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS II
Generation
Characteristics
Pros & Cons
Third (1964
to 1971)
Timesharing
Use of terminal access, control devices,
video display, keyboard
Integrated circuits (many transistors +
electronic chips on a single silicon chip)
Small/medium/large scale integrated
circuits (SSI/MSI/LSI == 10-20/20-200/
200-5000 transistors)
Minicomputers (smaller than a
mainframe)
Open architectures (connect according
to non-proprietary published standards)
Mainly assembly language (though also
few high level languages)
Sophisticated I/O devices
Magnetic core and solid states for
storage
Ran many jobs at a time
(more efficient), reduce
computational time
Cheaper computers (1/4
of mainframe)
Access from different
terminals
Unbundled software (not
tied to hardware
manufacturer
Increase in programming
languages
Standardization
Low maintenance costs
More reliable
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS III
Generation
Characteristics
Pros & Cons
Fourth
Generation
(1971 – 2010)
VLSI technology
Microprocessors (holding entire CU
and ALU) – avoiding costly redesign
e.g. 4004  Intel 8080
Microcomputers (used
microprocessors for their CPU)
Computer assembly kits
Compact hardware/computers
Operating system (program that
manages internal computer functions)
First stage – command-line interface
Second stage – graphical user
interface
Computer networking (hardware and
standards, TCP/IP etc)
Refined I/O devices
Development of majority of high level
languages
Cheapest - Third party
supply of accessory devices
Growth in personal
computing, open
architectures and user –
interface design
Pros of GUI
Pros & Cons of networking
Improved speed, storage
and reliability
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS IV
Generation
Characteristics
Pros & Cons
Fifth Generation
(2011 - present )
Super large scale integrated chips.
Advantages of limitless
Artificial intelligence.
speed, storage, versatility
Image and graph recognition
Ability to solve highly complex problem
including decision making, logical
reasoning.
More than one CPU for faster
processing speed (dual core, quad core
etc)
Parallel processing and
superconductors
Quantum computation and molecular
and nanotechnology
Natural language processing
Power of HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
Machines capable of learning and
self-organisation