Transcript UQU.SPY

Chapter 1
Introduction to Computer
&
Information technology
The Contents
•
•
•
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Definitions
Computer Tasks
Uses of Computer system
History of Computers & Computer
generations
Definitions
• Computer : is an electronic machine that is
capable of performing arithmetic & logical
operations on an entered set of data ,
processing it and outputs information that is
useful for the user.
Arithmetic operations
are the four known math operations which are
Operation
In Math In Computer
addition
+
+
Subtraction
-
-
Multiplication
×
*
division
÷
/
And any other operation that’s refers to
them like: square root , sine, cosine, tan ….
Logical operations
are the operations that have a result of
either TRUE or FALSE but not together.
like comparisons in math:
Description
In Math In Computer
Greater than
>
>
Greater than or
equal
Less than
≥
>=
<
<
Less than or equal
≤
<=
Equal
=
=
Not equal
≠
<>
Data
facts
• ID, Name
• Address
• mark
observations
Data
remarks or
comments
Ideas
• letter
• poem
• essay
• cloudy weather
• fast cars
• the mosque is crowded of
students during exams
• medicine students
always having higher
marks
Data
•
is a set of facts, observations,
remarks or comments and Ideas
collected from a particular statistical
society and entered to the computer
for processing.
Processing
performing computer operations like
arithmetic & logical operations on an
entered set of data , in order to
output information that is useful for
the user.
Data
Processing
Information
Information
is a set of results that are output from
the computer after processing the
data.
Data
Information
Marks
Sum, Average, Sorting marks
Students names
Arranging
order
Dirty picture
Clean picture
Noisy song
Filtered song
the
in
alphabetic
User
User : is the one who makes use of the
computer, entering data and getting
information
• Kind Of User :
1) Human
2) Another computer
IT (information technology)
•IT: is a term that encompasses all forms
of technology used to create, store,
exchange, and use information in its
various forms (business data, voice
conversations, still images, motion
pictures, multimedia presentations, and
other forms, including those not yet
conceived).
•It's a convenient term for including
both
telephony
and
computer
technology in the same word.
Computer Tasks
Computer
Tasks
Input
It accepts
the data
from the
user.
Storage
It stored
the data
until it is
ready for
use
hold data
until it is
needed
Processing
Output
Central Processing
Unit (CPU), which
is responsible for
processing all data
and instructions
given to the
computer.
returns the
processed
information
to the user
Uses of Computer system
•Use Of Computers In Education
•Uses of computer in business
•Uses of Computers in Hospitals
•Uses of Computers in Airports
Use Of Computers In Education
Advantages
• Computers are the best way of teaching subjects to students.
• Computers assist teachers in teaching their students easily and
quickly.
• Students can search for the concepts which they wish to know
on websites.
• Increasing the knowledge of these students greatly.
• The students can be shown charts, diagrams and figures while
teaching practical oriented subjects such as Algebra, Geometry,
Physics, Biology or Botany.
Uses of computer in business
•computers can be used in business from the
stage of manufacturing till the stage of its sale.
•we can't think of a business without a computer.
• business is all around of computers.
• a manager's work is depends on computer
•scheduling controlling, communication,
managing data and all the information about
company and competitors.
•Computers can keep records of all the
employees.
Uses of Computers in Hospitals
•computers in hospitals do not involve treating patients but help
medical staff and doctors to handle information and data in a better
manner.
Application of Computers in Hospitals
1) Handling Medical Data
2) Scanning and Imaging
3) Examination and Monitoring
Advantages of Computers in Hospitals
1. Precise 'tests' and medical examinations
2. Faster medical alerts, which are more accurate time-wise
3. Enhanced data about patients medical history
4. Precision in diagnosis
5. Precision in billing
6. Automated updating of medical history
Uses of Computers in Airports
Computers are used in airports to:
•Keep track of the planes' locations, speed, direction,
status, etc.
•Monitor security devices like cameras, x-ray
machines, and metal detectors
•Keep up with the departure/arrival status
•Communicate over screens audio systems, and
paging devices
•It is used for saving, who have booked the tickets
Computer History
• The First Generation: 1946-1958 (The
Vacuum Tube Years)
• The first generation computers were
huge, slow, expensive, and often
undependable
• In 1946 built the ENIAC electronic
computer which used vacuum tubes
instead of the mechanical switches
• the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer) and the UNIVAC I
(UNIVersal Automatic Computer).
Computer History
• The First Generation: 1946-1958 (The Vacuum Tube Years)
• Advantages:
– vacuum tubes could take very weak signals and make the signal stronger
(amplify it).
– Vacuum tubes could also stop and start the flow of electricity instantly
(switch).
• These two properties made the ENIAC computer possible.
• Disadvantages:
– huge, slow, expensive.
– The ENIAC gave off so much heat that they had to be cooled by large air
conditioners.
• However even with these huge coolers, vacuum tubes still
overheated regularly.
The Second Generation: 1959-1964
(The Era of the Transistor)
• 1947 three scientists, John Bardeen, William Shockley, and
Walter Brattain working at AT&T's Bell Labs invented what
would replace the vacuum tube forever
• It was the transistor which functions like a vacuum tube in
that it can be used to relay and switch electronic signals.
• The transistor was faster, more reliable, smaller, and much
cheaper to build than a vacuum tube. ( One transistor
replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.)
• Transistors were found to conduct electricity faster and
better than vacuum tubes.
• They were also much smaller and gave off virtually no heat
compared to vacuum tubes
The Third Generation: 1965-1970 (Integrated
Circuits - Miniaturizing the Computer)
• The integrated circuit, or as it is sometimes referred to as
semiconductor chip, packs a huge number of transistors onto
a single wafer of silicon
• Placing such large numbers of transistors on a single chip
vastly increased the power of a single computer and lowered
its cost considerably.
• Since the invention of integrated circuits, the number of
transistors that can be placed on a single chip has doubled
every two years, shrinking both the size and cost of
computers even further and further enhancing its power
The Fourth Generation: 1971-Today
(The Microprocessor)
• microprocessor (a single chip that could do all the processing
of a full-scale computer).
• Because electricity travels about a foot in a billionth of a
second, the smaller the distance the greater the speed of
computers.
• It wasn't until the 1970's that people began buying computer
for personal use.
• the earliest personal computers was the Altair 8800
computer kit.
• In 1975 you could purchase this kit and put it together to
make your own personal computer.
• In 1977 the Apple II was sold to the public and in 1981 IBM
entered the PC (personal computer).