Transcript History of Computersx

Technology
in Action
Alan Evans • Kendall
Martin
Mary Anne Poatsy
11th Edition
ISBN: 1269875396 (District wide)
ISBN-10: 0133802965
ISBN-13: 9780133802962
Kindle and e-book versions are available online, and in the
bookstore.
Technology in Action
Technology in Focus:
The History of the PC
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/bp/bp_evans_soundbytes_
9/history_personal_computer/index.html
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In the
beginning...
Information-Processing
Machine
Input
data
Process &
store
data
Output
information
Computers in Perspective: An
Evolving Idea
The computer's versatility is built upon
its:
Hardware: The physical part
Software: The instructions that
tells hardware how to transform
the input data (information in a
form it can read) into the
necessary output
Hollerith Tabulating Machine
• Created by Herman Hollerith in 1890 for
U.S. Census Bureau to tabulate census
data
• Automatically read data that had been
punched onto small punch cards
• In 1896, Hollerith started the Tabulating
Machine Company, which later became
International Business Machines, or IBM
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Pascalene Calculator
•
•
•
•
The first accurate mechanical calculator
Created by Blaise Pascal in 1642
Used revolutions of gears to count by tens
Could be used to add, subtract, multiply,
and divide
• Basic design used in mechanical
calculators for 300 years
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6
Jacquard Loom
• Created by Joseph Jacquard
• Revolutionized fabric
industry
• Used stiff cards with
punched holes to automate
process of weaving complex
patterns
• Much later, process adopted
to record and read data
using punch cards in
computers
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Babbage’s Engines
• Analytical Engine, 1834
–
–
–
–
–
Designed by Charles Babbage
The first automatic calculator
Based on Difference Engine
Never developed
Drawings and descriptions
include components similar to
those found in today's
computers
– Ada Lovelace described
Babbage’s Engines
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The First Real Computers
The scientists and mathematicians who
designed and built the first working
computers:
Konrad Zuse
Alan Turing
John Atanasoff
Howard Aiken
Mauchly & Eckert
Z1 and Atanasoff-Berry Computer
• Z1, 1936
• ABC, 1939
– Created by Konrad Zuse
– A mechanical calculator
– Included a control unit
and separate memory
functions
– Important breakthrough
for future computer
design
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– Created by John
Atanasoff and Clifford
Berry
– The first electrically
powered digital
computer
– Used vacuum tubes to
store data
– First computer to use
the binary system
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Harvard Mark I
• Created by Howard Aiken and Grace
Hopper
– Aiken designed the computer
– Hopper did the programming
• Used by the U.S. Navy for ballistic and
gunnery calculations
• Hopper’s greatest contributions:
– Inventing the
compiler
Actual moth
pasted
– Coining the term
into notebook
computer bug
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11
Turing Machine
• Created by Alan Turing in 1936
• Abstract computer model that could
perform logical operations
• Hypothetical model that mathematically
defined a mechanical procedure
• Concept of an infinite tape that could be
read, written to, and erased was precursor
to today’s RAM
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12
ENIAC
• Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer placed in operation in 1944
– Created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
– First successful high-speed electronic digital
computer
- ENIAC was big and clumsy
- Used 18,000 vacuum tubes
- Filled 1,800 square feet
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UNIVAC
• Universal Automatic Computer, 1951
– First commercially successful electronic digital
computer manufactured by Remington Rand
– Operated on magnetic tape not punch cards
– Considered first generation computer
– Last to use vacuum tubes to store data
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Generations of Computers
• First-generation computers
(1930s–1958)
• UNIVAC
• Use vacuum tubes to store
data
• Second-generation
computers (1959–1964)
• Use transistors to store
data
• Third-generation
computers (1965–1970)
• Use integrated circuits
• Fourth-generation
computers (1971–Today)
• Use a microprocessor chip
Transistors and Beyond
• Transistors, 1945
– Invented at Bell Laboratories
– Replaced vacuum tubes
• Integrated circuits, 1958
– Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments
– Small chip containing thousands of transistors
– Enabled computers to become smaller and
lighter
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Microprocessor Chip
• Introduced by Intel Corporation in 1971
• Small chip containing millions of
transistors
• Functions as the central processing unit
(CPU)
• Intel and Motorola became leading
manufactures of microprocessors
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Year
Transistors
4004
1971
2,250
8008
8080
8086
286
1972
1974
1978
1982
2,500
5,000
29,000
120,000
386™
486™ DX
Pentium®
1985
1989
1993
275,000
1,180,000
3,100,000
Pentium II
Pentium III
Pentium 4
1997
1999
2000
7,500,000
24,000,000
42,000,000
Core 2 Duo
Core 2 Quad
2006
2007
291,000,000
580,000,000
Do not memorize
The Apple I and II
• Built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
• Operating system stored in ROM
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Altair 8800
• 1975 – debut of first
personal computer
– Sold as a kit -- $395
– Switches for input
– Lights for output
• Bill Gates and Paul
Allen were among the
first owners
– Wrote compiling
program for the Altair
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Apple I and Apple II
• Built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
• Used Motorola processor
• Apple II was first fully contained
microcomputer
Apple I - 1976
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Apple II - 1977
21
Enter the Competition
• Apple’s success fostered competition
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Enter the Competition
The Osborne: The Birth of Portable Computing
• Introduced in 1981
• Weighed 24.5 pounds
• 5 inch screen
• Cost $1,795
• Overnight success
• Compaq bought Osborne in 1983
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Enter the Competition
IBM PCs
• Prior to 1980: known for
mainframes
• 1981: Entered small-computer
market with IBM PC
– Sold at retail outlets (Sears)
– Quickly dominated the market
– January 1983 Time magazine named
PC “1982 Machine of the Year”
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IBM PCs
• IBM PC
– 64 KB of memory, expandable to 256
KB
– Started at $1,565
– Sold at retail outlets such as Sears
and Computerland
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Other Important Advancements
• Computer hardware was
developing
• Other advances in:
– Programming languages
– Operating systems
– Application software
• Led to more useful and powerful
machines
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Other Important Advancements
The Importance of BASIC
• Programming languages in the 1950s
– FORTRAN, ALGOL, and COBOL
– Used mainly by businesses
– Used to create financial, statistical,
and engineering programs
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Other Important Advancements
The Importance of BASIC (cont.)
• Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code (BASIC)
– Introduced in 1964
– Revolutionized software industry
– Easily learned by beginning
programmers
– Became key language for PC
– Led to creation of Microsoft
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Other Important Advancements
Advent of Operating Systems
• Early programs and data saved on
audiocassettes
• Programs needed to be rewritten each
time
• 5.25″ floppy disk drive introduced in
1978
• Programs could be saved
– Operating systems could be developed
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Other Important Advancements
Advent of Operating Systems (cont.)
• Operating systems coordinate with
specific processor chip
– Apple computers—Motorola chips:
Disk Operating System (DOS) (1977)
– PCs—Intel 8080 chips: Control
Program for Microcomputers (CP/M)
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Other Important Advancements
Advent of Operating Systems (cont.)
• 1980: Microsoft developed MS-DOS
– Operating system for IBM PCs
– Developed by Gates and Allen
– PCs using Intel chip used MS-DOS
– Microsoft’s reign had begun
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Other Important Advancements
Software Application Explosion
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Other Important Advancements
Software Application Explosion: VisiCalc and Beyond
Including disk drives in personal computers set
off an explosion of software applications
Spreadsheets
VisiCalc (1978)
Lotus 1-2-3 (1983)
Microsoft Excel
(1985)
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Word Processing
WordStar (1979)
WordPerfect (1980)
Word for MS-DOS
(1983)
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The Graphical User Interface
• Graphical User Interface (GUI) allowed
easier interaction with computer
• Command- or menu-driven interfaces
used previously
• GUI not invented by computer company
• Apple was first company to take
commercial advantage of GUI
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The Graphical User Interface
Xerox: Birth of the GUI
• Xerox Alto (1972)
• Introduced “What You See Is What You
Get” (WYSIWYG)
• File management system with
directories and folders
• Mouse and network connectivity
• Never sold commercially
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The Graphical User Interface
The Lisa and the Macintosh
• Apple Lisa (1983)
– First successful PC using GUI
– Windows, drop-down menus, icons, a file
system with folders and files
– Very expensive
• Apple Macintosh (1984)
– 1/3 cost of Lisa
– Introduced 3½-inch floppy disk
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The Internet Boom
• 1993: Mosaic browser introduced
– Caused 350% increase in Internet traffic
• 1994: Netscape launched
• 1995: Internet Explorer introduced by
Microsoft
• 1995: Windows 95—first Microsoft GUI
OS
• 1998: Netscape became open source
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