Transcript Classes of Computers

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE &
OPERATIONS I
Instructor: Ryan Florin
Housekeeping
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Blackboard
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Syllabus
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Class Schedule
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Class Notes
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Assignments
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Sending out emails to class
Housekeeping
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Best way to contact me is by email:
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[email protected]
Or in office hours
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Office location: 3106 E&CS
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Office hours:
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T, R: 5:40PM-6:40PM
Housekeeping
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Grading Policy
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(6) Assignments 40%
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(2) Midterms: 30%
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Open book, open notes
(1) final: 30%
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Open book, open notes
Housekeeping
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Textbook
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Computer Organization and Design: The
Hardware/Software Interface, 5th Edition, by
Patterson and Hennessy, Morgan and
Kaufman Publishers, Inc., 2014
Same textbook in CS270
Honor Code
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All assignments, unless explicitly specified,
are to be completed on your own
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ODU Honor Council
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http://orgs.odu.edu/hc/
Evidence of cheating, plagiarism, or
unauthorized collaboration will result in a 0
grade for quiz/assignment/exam
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May have further consequences
How to get help?
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Ask questions in class (or after class)
Attend office hours
Email me
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Make sure that you put “CS170” in your
subject line
Send it from your .odu account
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It wouldn’t come to my spam folder
State clearly what you need in your email
How to Get an A in this Class
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Attendance
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Notes
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Attend class regularly and on time
Ask questions and participate
Review class notes after class
Homework
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Get started as early as possible
Contact me with any questions
CS170 will cover
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Chapters 1, 2, 3
Appendix B
Importance of This Course
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Prerequisite for CS270
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You must get a C or better to pass
Foundation for advanced courses
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Operating Systems
Programming Language
Compiler Design
Networking
Parallel Programming
Algorithm
I/O Management
Computer Evolution
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Moore’s Law
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The number of transistors that can be placed
inexpensively on an integrated circuit
doubles approximately every two years
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Chip performance double every two years
So does
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CPU speed
Memory
Number of sensors
Number of Pixels in digital camera
Computer Evolution
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Moore’s “Law”
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1958 - first transistors on chip
1965 – Doubles every year
1976 – Doubles every 2 years
2015 – Doubles every 2.5 years
Moore’s Law
Moore’s Law
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Progress in computer technology
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Makes novel applications feasible
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Underpinned by Moore’s Law
Computers in automobiles
Cell phones
Human genome project
Computational biology/chemistry/physics
World Wide Web
Search Engines
Computers are pervasive
§1.1 Introduction
The Computer Revolution
Classes of Computers
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Personal computers
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General purpose, variety of software
Subject to cost/performance tradeoff
Classes of Computers
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Embedded computers
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Hidden as components of systems
Examples
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Computer in your car
Processor in your cell phone
Stringent power/performance/cost constraints
Classes of Computers
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Server computers
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Network based
High capacity, performance, reliability
Range
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Small file servers
Supercomputers
Poor Man’s Super Computer
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What is a Cluster?
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Cluster consists of
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“Collection of interconnected
stand-alone computers
working together as a single,
integrated computing
resource”
Nodes
Network
OS
Cluster middleware
Standard components
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Avoiding expensive
proprietary components
Classes of Computers
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Warehouse scale computers
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servers, storage, cooling, power all working
together on huge scales to deliver compute
power as a “utility” for a small fee.
The Processor Market
Understanding Computer Performance
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Algorithm
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Programming language, compiler, architecture
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Determine number of machine instructions executed
per operation
Processor and memory system
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Determines number of operations executed
Determine how fast instructions are executed
I/O system (including OS)
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Determines how fast I/O operations are executed
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Application software
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Written in high-level language
System software
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Compiler: translates High Level
Language code to machine code
Operating System: service code
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Handling input/output
Managing memory and storage
Scheduling tasks & sharing resources
Hardware
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Processor, memory, I/O controllers
§1.2 Below Your Program
Below Your Program
Levels of Program Code
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High-level language
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Assembly language
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Level of abstraction closer
to problem domain
Provides for productivity
and portability
Symbolic representation of
instructions
Hardware representation
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Binary digits (bits)
Encoded instructions and
data
Compiler
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Function of Compiler
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Convert programs in high-level language to
programs in assembly language
Example: C Compiler
C program
Assembly Program
Assembler
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Assembler
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Translates assembly language into binary
instructions
Assembly Language
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Use symbols instead of 0’s and 1’s
More readable
Binary Instructions
MIPS binary code for summing 0 to 100 square
The BIG Picture
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Same components for
all kinds of computer
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Desktop, server,
embedded
Input/output includes
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User-interface devices
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Storage devices
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Display, keyboard, mouse
Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash
Network adapters
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For communicating with
other computers
§1.3 Under the Covers
Components of a Computer
Anatomy of a Computer
Output
device
Network
cable
Input
device
Input
device
Anatomy of a Mouse
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Optical mouse
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LED illuminates
desktop
Small low-res camera
Basic image processor
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Looks for x, y
movement
Buttons & wheel
Supersedes roller-ball
mechanical mouse
Through the Looking Glass
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LCD screen: picture elements (pixels)
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Mirrors content of frame buffer memory
Opening the Box
Inside the Processor (CPU)
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Datapath: performs operations on data
Control: sequences datapath, memory, ...
Cache memory
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Small fast SRAM memory for immediate
access to data
Inside the Processor
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AMD Barcelona: 4 processor cores
A Safe Place for Data
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Volatile main memory
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Loses instructions and data when power off
Non-volatile secondary memory
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Magnetic disk
Flash memory
Optical disk (CDROM, DVD)
Networks
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Communication and resource sharing
Local area network (LAN): Ethernet
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Within a building
Wide area network (WAN: the Internet)
Wireless network: WiFi, Bluetooth
Technology Trends
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Electronics
technology
continues to evolve
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Increased capacity
and performance
Reduced cost
DRAM capacity
Summary
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Syllabus
Moore’s Law
Classes of Computers
Performance of a Computer
Components of a Computer
What I want you to do
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Review Chapter 1 and Class Slides
Enjoy your new semester