Transcript Processor Technology

Processor Technology and
Architecture
By Bandhit Panchitkaew
What is processor ?
• It is a device that performs data
manipulation, executes all instructions
within the computer system and other
function such as:
• Computation
• Comparison
• Data movement among storage devices
• Etc.
How it works ?
• An instruction is a signal or command to a
processor to perform its functions such as:
• To compute the division of two numbers
• To compute the multiplication of ten numbers
• To move the data to primary storage device, etc
Types of Processor
1. General-Purpose Processor
•
•
•
It can execute many different instructions in
many different sequences.
It is designed to do many different tasks
such as calculation, comparison, etc.
A good example of processor is what we
have in computer.
Types of Processor
2. Special-Purpose processor
• It is designed to perform only one specific task.
• It is a processor with single internal program.
• For example:
– Microwave Oven
– Compact Disc Player
– Computer Printer
Three main Components in CPU
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit:
•
•
•
Responsible of executing math or logic
instruction.
It computes both the simple arithmetic such
as addition, subtraction, etc and complex
arithmetic such as logarithm.
It also uses in comparison the numbers.
Three main Components in CPU
2. Registers:
•
•
•
Small number of internal storage locations.
It holds instruction of data that needed
frequently or immediately by the ALU.
ALU gets the input from the registers and
also store the result in registers after the
computation.
Three main Components in CPU
3. Control Unit:
•
•
•
It controls the movement of data to and
from CPU registers to other hardware.
It gets the instruction from the registers and
makes decision about the instruction.
If the instruction is the computation and
logic, it will send to ALU, but if it is the data
movement instruction, it then will do by
itself.
First Processor Architecture
• John von Neumann made a report of processor
•
architecture on EDVAC in 1945.
The report organized computer into four main
parts:
–
–
–
–
–
ALU
Control Units
Memory
Input\Output devices
And the processor today follow Neumann’s
architecture
Principles of Processor
1. It takes the signals in the form of binary
signals( 0 and 1).
2. It manipulates according to the set of
instructions.
3. It then produces the output according to
binary number.
Depth of Processor
1. The processor produces the output according
to the decision making, which is done by logic
gate.
The logic gate requires one transistor
2.
•
Transistor is a device composed of semiconductor
material that amplifies a signal or opens or closes a
circuit.
Depth of Processor
1. The processor's logic gates work together to
2.
make decisions using Boolean logic such as
AND, OR, NOT NAND, which is based on the
algebraic system established by
mathematician George Boole.
The processor uses the gates in combination
to perform arithmetic operations.
More on Logic Gate
1. Logic Gates operate though hardware known
2.
3.
as switch
The most common type of switch in today's
computers is a transistor known as a MOSFET
metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect
transistor).
When voltage is applied to it, it reacts by
turning the circuit either on or off. Most PC
microprocessors today operate at 3.3V
More on Logic Gate
1. The flow of electricity through each gate is
2.
3.
controlled by that gate's transistor.
The large numbers of gates are manufactured
from a single piece of silicon and linked
together without wires or other external
materials.
These units are called integrated circuits
(ICs), and their development basically made
the complexity of the microprocessor possible.
Processor
1. Modern day microprocessors contain
tens of millions of microscopic
transistors. Used in combination with
resistors, capacitors and diodes, these
make up logic gates.
2. Logic gates make up integrated circuits.
3. ICs make up electronic systems.
Generations of Intel
1. The First Generation was:
1. 4004
2. 8086
3. 8088
4044 Processor
– It was the forerunner of today’s processor
– It was not popular and not used widely
8086
– It used 16 bit external bus, which made it the
fastest but it too was not widely used because
of its cost.
8088
– It used 8 bit for external data bus
– It was widely used and also adopted by IBM
because of the cost.
– These support chips were designed for eight
bit processors and were in common use in the
industry in those days.
Generations of Intel
2. Second Generation was only 80286
– The first Intel processor to allow access to
more than one Meg of memory.
– This processor has a 16 bit internal and
external data bus and a 24 bit address bus.
the 24 bit address bus means it can address
up to 16 MBytes of memory.
Generations of Intel
3. The Third Generation included:
– 80886DX
– 80386SX
80386DX
– The introduction of 32 bit performance with
32 bit internal and external data buses and 32
bit addresses.
– DX’s chips were available I clock speeds of 25
to 40 MHz.
80386SX
– 32-bit internal data path and 16-bit external
data bus.
– But the addressed bus was only 24 bits, which
allowed manufacturers to cut the cost of the
system board’s support circuitry.
Generations of Intel
4. The Fourth Generation included
–
–
–
–
80486DX
80486SX
80486DX2
80486DX4
80486DX
– The improvement in design made the 486DX
better in both performance and memory than
286 range.
– All the 486 range used 32 bits data buses.
– The introduction of cache, which located right
beside the processor logic helped to get
information at greater speed.
80486DX
– The innovation of “clock doubling”
– This meant that the circuits inside the chip
ran at twice the speed of the external
electronics. Data was transferred between the
processor, the internal cache and the math
co-processor at twice the speed.
80486DX
– The 486 DX4 trippled the clock speed to run
internally at 75 or 100 MHz and also doubled
the amount of cache to 16k.
80486SX
– It was the same with 80486 DX but it did not
included math co-processor, which helped in
calculating the floating point number
– 486SX made available in slower clock speeds
than DX: It comes in many versions such as
16, 20 , 25 and 33 MHz versions.
80486DX2
– This was the first Intel family processor
where the chip operated at a faster
speed inside, than the clock signal supplied
by the bus
– It used used a 33-MHz bus clock and ran
internally at 66 MHz.
80486DX4
– The speed of the clock is trippled inside the
processor.
– It used 33 MHz bus clock and run internally at
100 MHz.
Generations of Intel
5. The Fifth Generation included:
– Pentium I
– MMX
MMX
– It increased 57 new integer instructions, four
new data types and eight 64 bit registers,
which helped to advance the CPU
performance.
– The MMX instructions were designed for
multimedia programs
Pentium I
– It used 64-bit data bus and 32-bit address
bus
– The clock speed went up high to 200 MHz.
Generations of Intel
6. The Sixth Generation included:
– Pentium Pro
– Pentium II
– Pentium III
Pentium Pro
– The Pentium Pro introduced the new technology
called the multiprocessing.
– The memory bus speed at 66 MHz.
– It also include new technique called “superpipelining”,
which - A technique used in advanced microprocessor
where the microprocessor begins to execute a second
instruction before the first has been completed. That
is, several instructions are in the pipeline
simultaneously and helped in increasing the speed.
Pentium II
– Internal clock speed increased to 300 MHz.
– It used the same structure as Pentium Pro,
but it added 2 million instructions more to
reach 7.5 million.
Pentium III
– The Pentium III processor comes with a
“Synchronized Dynamic Random Access
Memory (SDRAM), allowing for an extremely
fast transfer of data between the
microprocessor and the memory.
– 70 new instructions called Streaming SIMD
added, which enhanced in multimedia graphic
and 3D.
Generations of Intel
• The Seventh Generation was Pentium 4
– 32-bit microprocessor
– Hyper-pipelined technology, which a rapid
execution engine and a 100-MHz system bus
delivers three times the bandwidth of the
Pentium III processor.
– It enhances online gaming, digital video and
photography, speech recognition and MP3
encoding.
AMD’s Processor
• There are many types of processors that been
produced by AMD company such as:
–
–
–
–
–
–
AMD
AMD
AMD
AMD
AMD
AMD
K5
K6
K6-2
K6-3
K7
Athlon
AMD K5
– In 1996, AMD introduced K5 as the new
processor to compete with Intel.
– It used reduce instruction set computing
(RISC).
– The result is a processor capable of issuing
four instructions per clock cycle twice as many
as the Pentium
AMD K5
– AMD designed the AMD-K5 processor to be
pin compatible with the Pentium.
– Unfortunately, K5 never able to succeed
because of the problem of high heat output.
AMD K6
– The speed is about 166 MHz to 300 MHz.
– K6 was a Socket 7 compliant chip which was
capable of running all PC software with the
power and compatiblity of its Intel
counterparts.
– Another main advantage of AMD is its price,
which was much cheaper than Intel.
AMD K6-2
– It built upon the K6’s excellent processing
core with the addition of 21 new instructions
called “3D Now”.
– These code designed to enhance the 3D
geometry capability of the chip's floating point
unit. This allowed the K6-2 to overcome the
handicap of the slow CPU which the K6
owned.
AMD K6-3
– it sees its level 2 cache memory integrated
directly onto the processor core to increase
the speed.
– Unfortunately, K6-III loses the competition
with Intel because it could not perform as
good as Pentium III in floating-point math at
that time.
AMD K7
– 128 KB and level 1 cache
– 512 KB to 8 MB of level 2 cache running at
1/3 to full clock speed.
– It now introduced the new technology of
Floating Point Unit.
– its high clock speeds will deliver stunning
performance
AMD Athlon
– Its speed is from 500 to 600 MHz.
– The AMD Athlon XP process is designed to
meet the computation-intensive requirements
of cutting-edge software applications running
on high-performance desktop systems
Consideration
1. The most important factor that we
determine which computer is faster or
better is to see from the speed of CPU ,
which is measured by Megahertz (MHz)
or Gigahertz (GHz).
2. This clock inside the CPU will gives the
signals to all components to do the
works.
Comparison
1. The speed of the computer is not
depending only on the speed of CPU, but
also other factors such as:
– The size of main memory
– The bus speed
– The speed of hard disk
Advice in buying CPU
• How memory affects the speed of CPU
– Memory contains information that is needed
by the CPU and if its capacity is small, the
CPU may need to go in a longer distance to
the primary storage to get the information.
– So we now can see that the to increase the
speed of computer, we also should be enough
memory space.
Advice in buying CPU
• How do hard disk affects the speed of
computer?
– Hard disk is a slow storage device, when CPU
wants to get some data, it may take a long
time to get the data.
– The speed of hard disk in retrieving the data
effects the overall speed.
Factors to consider
1. First of all consider the purpose of
buying the processor:
– If you mainly want to use a modem to surf
the internet, the modem is going to be so
slow, it won't matter if you have a fast
processor and lots of memory
Factors to Consider
– If it is about papers or application, you then
need a lot of memory, but no need of fastest
CPU.
Pentium 4
• 2.8 GHz
• Cache size is 512k
• The bus speed is 533
MHz
Why Pentium 4
• It delivers great service for home
computing, business solutions and all
processing needs.
• It is designed to give better digital music,
3D gaming, digital imaging and video, etc.
Techniques in Pentium 4
• Hyper-pipelined technology
• Rapid execution engine
• Execution trace cache
• Advanced transfer cache
• Advanced dynamic execution
• Enhanced floating point/multimedia
Cost
• The cost of this processor is about at $
259.99
Athlon
• Athlon 2000+XP is
the latest processor
from AMD.
– Its processor speed is
at 2.08 GHz.
– Cache size is 512 KB.
– Bus speed is 333 KB.
Athlon
• This is probably the best choice for those
who have limited amount of money.
• Its speed is not so difference from CPU.
This is an advantage of AMD in offering
good products and reasonable price.
• But the data will be able to transfer slower
than Pentium 4.
Athlon
• Its cost is $ 184.99.
Tips in buying
• First decide how much you can afford.
• Find the best value for that amount of
money.
• Take time in finding the information.
Thank You