Transcript What Is a Computer?

PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany
Chapter 1
What Is a Computer?
Objectives
1. Explain the Functions of a Computer
2. Describe the Evolution of Computer Hardware
3. Describe How Computers Represent Data Using Binary Code
4. List the Various Types and Characteristics of Personal Computers
5. Give Examples of Other Personal Computing Devices
6. List the Various Types and Characteristics of Multiuser Computers
7. Explain Ubiquitous Computing and Convergence
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2
Explain the Functions
of a Computer
Computers are programmable machines that
convert raw data into useful information
Objective 1
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3
The Information Processing Cycle
Input
Process
Storage
Output
Objective 1
•Raw data, such as content entered in a
form, is input
•Raw data, when processed or
manipulated, produces information
•Information is stored for later retrieval
•Processed raw data – now information –
is returned to the user
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4
Describe the Evolution
of Computer Hardware
Objective 2
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First-Generation Computers
 Used vacuum tubes
Resembled incandescent light bulbs
Emitted a lot of heat
Unreliable
 Massive in size
 Used manual switches to process
data
Objective 2
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First-Generation Computers
Objective 2
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Second-Generation Computers
 Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in 1947
Revolutionized the electronics industry
 More powerful
 Smaller
 More reliable
 Reprogrammed in less time
Transistors
Objective 2
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Third-Generation Computers
 Integrated circuits
Developed in the 1960s
Contained many tiny transistors
on semiconducting material
(silicon)
 Faster, smaller, and more
reliable
Objective 2
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Fourth-Generation Computers
 Microprocessor
Emerged in 1970s
Complex integrated circuit
that contains the central
processing unit (CPU), the
brain of a computer
First microprocessor was as
powerful as the ENIAC
Objective 2
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Moore’s Law
 Gordon Moore
1965
Number of transistors on an integrated
circuit doubled every two years
Prediction of continued exponential
growth
Current trend is closer to 18 months
Affects processing speeds and storage
capacity of modern electronic devices
Objective 2
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Describe How Computers Represent
Data Using Binary Code
Objective 3
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Binary Code
Binary Number System: 1s & 0s
 Binary code has two possible states: on/off, 1/0,
yes/no
 Bit – the smallest unit of digital information
8 bits = 1 byte
 With 2 bits, there are four combinations of states
(10, 01, 11, 00)
Objective 3
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Binary Code
Binary Number System: 1s & 0s
 ASCII – uses 7 bits and
represents 128 characters
With 8 bits there are 256 different
possible combinations (28)
 Unicode – extended ACSII
and represents over 100,000
characters
Objective 3
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Measuring Data
 Bits measure data transfer
rates
 Bytes measure file size and
storage capacity
Objective 3
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List the Various Types and Characteristics
of Personal Computers
Objective 4
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Desktop Computers
 Desktop computer
 Workstation
 All-in-one computer
Objective 4
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Notebook Computers
 Portable personal computers
May use a stylus (a digital pen)
 Convertible notebook
Has swivel screen
 Tablet
 Preinstalled mobile apps
 Netbook
Smallest type of notebook
 Subnotebook
Thin and light with high-end processor
Objective 4
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Mac or PC?
MAC
ADVANTAGES
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Easy to set up and use
Great multimedia capabilities
Secure and stable
Productivity and Entertainment software
included
PC
ADVANTAGES
•
•
•
•
•
Objective 4
Less expensive for similar configuration
Can run many versions of Windows and Linux
More configuration choices
Preferred platform in most businesses
Most computer games are only available for
Windows PC
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Ergonomics
 Ergonomic (proper) workspace:
Proper posture
Use a footrest
Elbows on armrest bent at 90°
Monitor below eye level
Frequent breaks
Objective 4
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Ergonomics
 Improper workspace:
Can affect health, comfort, and productivity
Leads to discomfort and can result in
musculoskeletal disorders
Objective 4
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Give Examples of Other Personal
Computing Devices
Objective 5
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Mobile Devices
 Smartphones & Tablets
Internet access
Email access
Digital cameras
GPS
Mapping tools
Document editing
Mobile apps
Objective 5
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Wearables & GPS
 GPS (global positioning
system)
Satellite-based navigation
system
Used for:
 Wearables
Devices worn on the
body
Used for:
• Location and Navigation
• Tracking
• Health monitoring
• Communication
• Military operations
• Mapping
• Entertainment
• Timing
• Geocaching
Objective 5
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Video Game Systems and Simulations
 Game consoles: (Microsoft Xbox One, Sony PlayStation
4, Nintendo Wii U)
High-end processors
High-end graphics capabilities
Play movies and music
Online game play
Browse the Internet
Use a game controller
Objective 5
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Video Game Systems and Simulations
 Handheld games: (Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo DSi,
PlayStation Portable (PSP) Vita)
Portable
Listen to music and view photos and movies
Chat and access the Internet over 3G or wireless
network
3D photo and graphic capability
Objective 5
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List the Various Types and Characteristics
of Multiuser Computers
Objective 6
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Servers
 Servers
Provide services such as Internet access and email to a
client system
 Minicomputers
Support fewer than 200 users; users connect via dumb
terminals
 Midrange computers
Replace minicomputers; users connect via personal
computers
Objective 6
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Servers (Cont.)
 Mainframes
Process millions of transactions a day
Found in businesses such as banks and insurance companies
 Enterprise servers
Allows thousands of users to use the system concurrently
 Midrange computers
Replace minicomputers; users connect via personal
computers
Objective 6
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Supercomputers
 Very expensive
 Designed to perform limited number of tasks as
quickly as possible
 Perform complex mathematical calculations
 Weather forecasting
 Medical research
 Can be a single computer with multiple
processors or a group of computers working
together
Objective 6
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Distributed and Grid Computing
 Distributed computing
Spreading processing tasks across multiple computers
 Grid computing
Distributed computing
uses computers in one
location
 Volunteer computing
Large-scale form of
distributed computing
Harnesses the power of
hundreds or thousands of computers
Objective 6
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Explain Ubiquitous Computing
and Convergence
Objective 7
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Embedded Computers
 Embedded computers
Specialized computers
 Internet of Things (IoT)
Connection of the physical
world to the Internet
Objective 7
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Convergence
 Convergence - Integration of technology on
multifunction devices
Smartphones
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Cell phones
Personal information management tools
Email
Web browsing
Document editing
MP3 players
Cameras
GPS
Games
Mobile payment systems
Objective 7
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Questions
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