Transcript 05 Internal Memory

Chapter 5
Internal Memory
Semiconductor Memory Types
Static RAM (SRAM)
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Desired for main memory
Used in cache
Basically an array of flip-flops
Simple to interface and control
Fast
Relatively low density - complex
Relatively expensive
Static RAM model
Semiconductor Memory
What is it ?
2 BIT Decoder (2 to 4)
3 Bit Decoder (3 to 8)
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4 Bit Decoder (4 to 16)
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2 to 4 Bit Decoder
3 to 8 Bit Decoder
2 to 1 MUX
4 to 1 MUX
8 to 1 MUX
16 to 1 MUX
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Register
22 x 3 Memory
address
word select
write
enable
address
decoder
output bits
word WE
input bits
24 x 8 Memory
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Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• Used in main memory
• Bits stored as charge in capacitors
Essentially analog device
Charges leak
• Need refreshing even when powered
Need refresh circuits
• Higher density (more bits per chip)
• Slower than Static RAM
• Less expensive
Dynamic RAM model
Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Permanent storage
—Nonvolatile
• Microprogramming (see later)
• Library subroutines
• Systems programs (BIOS)
• Function tables
Types of ROM
• ROM: Written during manufacture
— Very expensive for small runs
• PROM: Programmable (once)
—Needs special equipment to program
• Read “mostly”
—EPROM: Erasable Programmable
– Erased by UV
—EEPROM: Electrically Erasable
– Takes much longer to write than read
—Flash memory
– Erase whole memory (block) electrically
EPROM
Memory Organization
• A 16Mbit chip can be organised as 1M of
16 bit words
• A bit per chip system has 16 lots of 1Mbit
chip with bit 1 of each word in chip 1 and
so on
• A 16Mbit chip can be organised as a 2048
x 2048 x 4bit array
—Reduces number of address pins
– Multiplex row address and column address
– 11 pins to address (211=2048)
– Adding one more pin doubles range of values so x4
capacity
Typical 16 Mb DRAM (4M x 4)
Semiconductor Memory
16Mbit DRAM
Refreshing
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Refresh circuit is included on the chip
Count through rows
Read & Write back
Chip must be disabled during refresh
Takes time
Slows down apparent performance
256kByte Module Organisation (256K x 1)
1MByte Module Organization (1Meg x 8 bits)