Transcript Intel-CPUs-by-Clint-Morse-Jeff-Lewis-Brian-Knehr-2002

Developmental
History of Main-Line
Intel CPUs
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Clint Morse
Jeff Lewis
Bryan Knehr
Intel 4004
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Introduced in November of 1971
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Was the first microprocessor
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Brainchild of Marcian E. Hoff
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Size of a thumbnail yet had the same proccessing
power as a CPU the size of a large desk
Intel 4004 specs
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108 KHz clock speed
Four bit adder
A sixty-four bit index register
A fourty-eight bit program counter and stack
An address incriminator
And an eight bit instruction register and decoder
Intel 8086/8088
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Introduced on June 8, 1978
First commercially successful 16 bit processor
Too expensive for early computers, so the 8088
was developed with an 8 bit bus
8088 and 8086 ensured success of Intel
corporation, because they were they start of the
*86 family that was the basis for every IBM
compatible PC
8086 specifications
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clock speeds of 5 MHz, 8MHz, and 10 MHz
The 8086 could address 1 Meg of memory, while
the 4004 could only address 640 bytes
the 8086 had fourteen registers
 general
registers, segment registers, index registers,
status and control register
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16 bit processing power
The 4004 could only recognize fourty-five op codes,
but the 8086 could recognize 300
Intel 80186
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High Integration 16-bit Microprocessor
fifteen to twenty of the most common microprocessor
system components, providing twice the
performance of the 8086 while operating at the same
clock speed
strategic flaw in the 80186
 released
in early 1981 Intel believed that all computer
manufactures would follow IBM’s lead and incorporate
a built in DMA and timer chip
80186 Specifications
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ten more instructions to the op code set of the
8086
two different modes for the 80186 to run in
 Enhanced
 Standard
Intel 80286
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Released of February of 1982
80286 shipped at slightly faster clock speeds
than the 80186
80286 introduced protected mode memory
addressing
 Allows
programmers to access memory above 1
meg
 Virtual memory becomes a possiblility up to 1 Gig
Intel 80386SX/DX
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First truly mass market processor with 32-bit
addressing.
Able to address 4 gigabytes of RAM, and 64 terabytes
of virtual memory.
Delivered performance ranging from 5 MIPS in the first
16 MHz model to 11.4 MIPS in the fastest 33Mhz model
Offered real mode, protected mode, and a ability to run
many “virtual” real mode sessions simultaneously
275,000 Transistors with a 1-micron process.
Intel 80386SX/DX
(cont’d)
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Scalar Architecture, or “Instruction Pipelining” allows for
multiple instruction execution.
Optional math co-processor, 80387
Compaq beats out IBM
AMD clone @ 40 MHz
80386SX model only had a 16-bit data bus and a 24-bit
address bus
Could only address 16 megabytes of memory.
Intel 80486SX/DX
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1.2 Million Transistors with a 1 micron process
Performance ranges from 20 MIPS in the 25 MHz DX
model to 70.7 MIPS in the 100 MHz DX4 model
DX model contained math co-processor and 8K L1 Cache
Could address 4 gigabytes of RAM and 64 terabytes of
virtual memory.
DX2 version allowed the core of the processor to run at
twice the bus speed.
DX4 version allowed the core of the processor to run at
three times the bus speed.
Intel 80486SX/DX
(cont’d)
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SX version has the full data bus and address
bus of the DX version, but instead has the FPU
removed
Created software compatibility issues
80487SX “upgrade” scandal
Intel Pentium
Processor
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Name was chosen to thwart companies like AMD,
Cyrix, etc.
3.1 Million Transistors using .8 micron process
4 GB RAM/64 TB Virtual Memory
64-Bit Data Bus
Superscalar Design – had hardware for simultaneous
instruction execution
66 MHz bus speed
Double the amount of L1 cache: an 8 KB instruction
cache and an 8 KB data cache
More advanced math co-processor
Intel Pentium
Processor
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Pentium error – look-up tables
MMX – multimedia extensions
Pentium MMX ran at a core voltage of 2.8v instead of the
normal Pentium’s core voltage of 3.5v
Pentium MMX done with .35 micron process
Intel Pentium Pro
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Originally called “P6”
L2 cache was available in 256 KB, 512 KB, 1 MB, and 2
MB versions, and ran at full clock speed
Clock speeds ranged from 166 to 200 MHz, with
bus speeds of 60 and 66 MHz
Ran on Socket 8 connector, which was the only socket
the Pentium Pro supported
Support for up to 4 processors in parallel
Ran much better in NT
Laid groundwork for future Intel processors.
The Pentium II processor
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Released May 1997, the second P6 architecture chip from
Intel
Used new socket called “Slot 1”
Originally ran at 233 and 266 MHz
The creation of a new motherboard made just for the PII,
the i440LX, allowed for greater processing speeds
In October 1997 the 300 MHz processor was produced
and the 333 MHz, called the “Deschutes,” a few months
later
Deschutes was the first chip to implement .25 micron
technology, previously .35 micron
Pentium II (Con’t)
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Next Came the 350 and 400 MHz processors
The first processors to introduce a 100 MHz front side bus
April 1998 another motherboard was released, which led to the last
Pentium II chip
Running at 450 MHz with 512 KB of cache memory running at one half
clock speed
Pentium II (Con’t)
Processor
Clock Speed
Bus Speed
Clock
Muiltiplier
PII 233
233 MHz
66 MHz
3.5x
PII 266
266 MHz
66 MHz
4x
PII 300
300 MHz
66 MHz
4.5x
PII 333
333 MHz
66 MHz
5x
PII 350
350 MHz
100 MHz
3.5x
PII 400
400 MHz
100 MHz
4x
PII 450
450 MHz
100 MHz
4.5x
The Celeron processor
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In an attempt to regain the loses in the sub $1000 computer
market, the Celeron processor was produced in early 1998
Based heavily on the Pentium II, except was without the
level 2 cache and plastic casing
The removal of the casing allowed for easier cooling, but
having no level 2 cache SEVERLY reduced speed.
Originally ran at 266 and 300 MHz
Finally in August 1998 the Celeron A was introduced
It had only a quarter the level 2 cache (128 MHz) of the
Pentium II, but was implemented entirely different
Celeron (Con’t)
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Instead of having the cache on the processor module, it was fully
integrated onto the processor core
This allowed it to run at clock speed, instead of half like the PII
Also Slot 1 was replaced by Socket 370
In January 1999 both the 366 and 400 MHz versions were released
Celeron (Con’t)
Processor
Clock Speed
Bus Speed
Clock
Muiltiplier
Celeron 266
266 MHz
66 MHz
4x
Celeron 300
300 MHz
66 MHz
4.5x
Celeron 300 A
300 MHz
66 MHz
4.5x
Celeron 333 A
333 MHz
66 MHz
5x
Celeron 366 A
*(socket 370)
366 MHz
66 MHz
5.5x
Celeron 400 A
*(socket 370)
400 MHz
66 MHz
6x
Celeron 433 A
*(socket 370)
433 MHz
66 MHz
6.5x
Celeron 466
466 MHz
66 MHz
7x
Celeron 500
500 MHz
66 MHz
7.5x
The Pentiun II Xeon
processor
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June 29, 1998 the Pentium II Xeon processor was released
to the public
The processor was geared solely toward the high-end
workstation and server market. It was not for home or
personal use since servers often require a chip more
powerful than 512 MB
The Xeon was also built on the Deschutes core
The level 2 cache was made with different chips called
“CSRAM” (Custom Standard RAM), which was made
specially by Intel
Required extreme cooling so it had a very large casing
Xeon (Con’t)
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The Xeon had some other special features
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Can support up to 8 CPUs in one system
The cache was limited at 64 GB, done through 36-bit address bus
Runs a 100 MHz front side bus with a maximum band width of 800
MB/sec
Contains a built in thermal sensor
Used a new kind of ROM called PIROM which stantds for processor
information ROM
This made the processor much more flexible to specifications
The Pentium III processor
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The Pentium III was to the Pentium II what the Pentium MMX was to the
original Pentium
Released in February 1999
Equipped with 70 new instructions to improve 3D and multi-media
applications
Main difference between the PIII and the other Pentiums was that it
implemented the SSE instructions, which accelerates floating-point
instructions over the display adapter
Pentium III (Con’t)
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The first Pentium III was called “katami.” It was nothing more than a
Pentium II with the added SSE. Running a 512 KB external level 2
cache and a .18 micron core.
Currently available with 133 MHz system bus
Can support 32, 64, and even 80 bit floating point number
representation
The Pentium IV processor
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The latest processor produced by Intel and also the fastest, from 1.6 to
2.4 GB
Implements the Intel® NetBurst™ architecture
 A 400 MHz system bus brought achieved through a physical
signaling scheme of quad pumping the data transfers over a 100MHz clocked system bus and a buffering scheme
 Uses SSE2 which extends the old SSE with 144 new instructions,
including 128 bit integer and floating point calculations, and an
added data movement register was also added which improves
both floating point and multimedia applications
Pentium IV (Con’t)
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The PIV also has a more advanced Thermal monitoring
system. This allows for motherboards to be designed to
expected application power usages rather than theoretical
maximums, proving very cost effective
It integrates both .13-micron and .18-micron technology
Memory cacheability has been upped to 4 GB of
addressable memory space and system memory scalability
up to 64 GB of physical memory