Transcript Lecture1data info etc

Introduction to Computer
INSTRUCTOR
ADEEL ANJUM
What is Data?
Data


Data is a plural word and its singular form is datum

‘Datum’ is a Latin word meaning “something given”

Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc., which can be processed
by computer

Data is a collection of facts made up of text, numbers and dates:
Murray

35000
7/18/86
Any raw collection of facts and figures which is not meaningful to
the user is called data
Types of Data
There are three types of data to be entered
in the computer:


Alphabetic Data: Capital letters from A-Z, and small
letters from a-z.

Numeric Data:

Alphanumeric Data: Alphabetic, numeric and
Decimal numbers from 0-9,
decimal point notations.
special characters/symbols.
What is Information?
Information


Information is interpreted data

Information is the meaning given to data in the
way it is interpreted, e.g.
Mr. Murray is a sales person whose annual salary
i$35,000 and whose hire date is July 18, 1986

Processed or meaningful form of data is called
information, like "Farhan, 40" are two data
items, but "Farhan is now 40 years old" is an
information
Electronic Data Processing
 Raw data is transformed into information by processing it
 Data Processing is a series of steps, actions or operations that converts data
into meaningful information, or input into output
 This can be accomplished by using machines, labor and procedures
 When the data entered in the computer is manipulated, formulated ,sorted
and passed through mathematical or statistical formulas, so it is known as
Electronic Data Processing
Functions of Electronic Data Processing
 All data processing, whether done by hand or
by the latest computer system, consists of
three basic activities:
•
•
•
Capturing the input data
Manipulating the data
Managing the output results
Input
Processing
Output
Conventional Data Processing
 The conventional data processing system is the manual method
of transforming data into information
 The human beings themselves collect data, classify and
arrange according to the items of the data, perform manual
calculations and hence produce the required output result
 Because of this processing method, the system is also termed
as Manual Data Processing System
 Example is Type Writer machine
Elements of an Electronic Data Processing System
 There are four basic elements of an EDP system, these are:
• Hardware
The physical components of a computer is called
hardware
• Software
The term software refers to the computer programs,
routines and packages required to utilize and control the
operation of the computer
• Procedure
Procedure is a set of pre-planned steps and policies which
the computer system adopts in order to perform a
specific task
• Personnel
The individuals who work in an environment basically
related to computers are known as computer personnel
Information Technology

Information technology is the use of modern
technology to aid in storage, processing, analysis
and communication of information.

We can simply define that the information about
any technology is called information technology.

Information technology means the use of the
hardware, software, services, and supporting
infrastructure to manage and deliver information
using voice, data and video.
Definition of a Computer
 The word computer is derived from the word compute which
means to calculate something
 With this meaning a computer is considered to be a
calculating device that performs the arithmetic operations at
enormous speed
 Now-a-days computer is not just the calculating device but it
can perform many operations, so we can define as:
“Computer is an electronic device that processes data,
converting it into information that is useful to people”.
Characteristics of Computer

Speed


Accuracy


A computer is a very fast device. It can perform in a few
seconds the amount of work that a human can do in a day
Every task is performed by computer with same
accuracy. Errors may occur in computer due to
human
Diligence

Human beings get bored from work on the same
thing for a long time and also tired. But the case is
not same with computers, a computer is free from
tiredness, lack of concentration
Characteristics of Computer (Cont..)

Versatility


Power of remembering


A computer can store and recall even after several years any
amount of information because of its storage capability
No feelings


A computer is capable of performing almost any task. It just
requires the particular software to perform that task
Computers are devoid of emotions. They have no feelings
I.Q

A human think with their mind that what is right for them and what
is not. While a machine has no I.Q. But programmers are trying to
make computer an intelligent machine.
Brief History of Computer

Computers did not suddenly arrive on the scene

The research on the computer technology is a process of hundreds of
years and is still in progress

The latest computer is the result of several minds combined to give us
the magic of sense

The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to
the different generations of computing devices

Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological
development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate
Brief History of Computer (Cont..)

There are five generations of computers
1.
First Generation (1940-1956)
2.
Second Generation (1956-1963)
3.
Third Generation (1964-1971)
4.
Fourth Generation (1971-Present)
5.
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)
Brief History of Computer (Cont..)
1.
First Generation (1940-1956)

In this generation of computer vacuum tube was used for
circuitry

These computers were very large in size, taking up entire rooms

They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a
great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat

First generation computers relied on machine language

The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) and ENIAC
(Electronic Numeric Integrated and Calculator) computers are
examples of first-generation computing devices
Vacuum Tubes in First Generation
ENIAC Computer
UNIVAC Computer
Brief History of Computer (Cont..)
2. Second Generation (1956-1963)

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second
generation of computers

The transistor was invented by Bardeen in 1947 but
did not see widespread use in computers until the late
50s

Through the use of transistors the second generation
computers were much faster and more reliable than
the first generation of computers

Second-generation computers moved from machine
language to symbolic, or assembly languages, which
allowed programmers to specify instructions in words
Transistors
First Transistor
IBM-7094 Computer
Brief History of Computer (Cont..)
3. Third Generation (1964-1971)

The development of the integrated circuit was the
hallmark of the third generation of computers

An Integrated Circuit (IC) or a chip is a small
electronic device made out of a semiconductor
material (transistor)

The earliest ICs used a technology called SSI (Small
Scale Integration contain up to 100 transistors) and
MSI (Medium Scale Integration contain 100-3000
transistors)

The third generation computers were smaller, more
efficient and more reliable than their predecessor were
Integrated Circuit
IBM-360 Third Generation Computer
Brief History of Computer (Cont..)
4.
Fourth Generation (1971-Present)

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built
onto a single silicon chip

What in the first generation filled an entire room could
now fit in the palm of the hand

LSI (large-scale integration): From 3,000 to 100,000
electronic components per chip

During this the first microprocessor the Intel 4004 was
developed and was followed by VLSI (Very Large Scale
Integration contain 100,000 to 1,000,000)

ULSI (ultra large-scale integration): More than 1
million electronic components per chip
First Microprocessor Intel 4004
Fourth Generation First PC
Brief History of Computer (Cont..)
5.
Fifth Generation (Present-Beyond)

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial
intelligence, are still in development, though there are
some applications, such as voice recognition, that are
being used today, Expert System, Robots etc.

The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization

Intelligence
the ability to learn and understand.



Artificial intelligence
is the branch of computer science.
AI
is the study how to make computer to do things more
and more better than human.
Expert system
is an intelligent computer program which consists of
some knowledge about particular field, then using this
knowledge ,it provide the answer to those people who
don’t have any access to the experts in that particular
field.
Types of Computer

There are three basic types of computer according to
working mechanism
 Analog Computer

Digital Computer

Hybrid Computer
Types of Computer (Cont..)
1.
Analog Computer

Analog computer is used to process analog data

Analog data is a continuous and having an
infinite variety of values
Such type of data include temperature,
pressure, speed, weight, voltage, depth etc.



Examples of analog computer are Speedometer
of car, Thermometer etc.
Analog computers are faster
Types of Computer (Cont..)
2.
Digital Computer

A digital computer as its name implies works
with digits to represent numerals, letters or
other special symbols

A digital computer process digital data

Digital data is a discrete data and having only
two possible values (0, 1)

Digital computer provide accurate results but
they are slower than analog computer

Analog computers lack memory whereas
digital computers store information
Types of Computer (Cont..)
3. Hybrid Computer





A hybrid computer is a combination of digital
and analog computers
And it combines the best features of both types
of computers
For example a petrol pump contains a
processor that converts fuel flow measurement
into quantity and price
Hybrid computer is used in hospitals to
measure the heartbeat of the patient
Hybrid Computers are also used in scientific
applications or in controlling industrial
processes