Transcript Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers

Famous Quotes about Computers
 “I think there is a world market for maybe five
computers.” – Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943
 “Computers in the future may weigh no more than 1.5
tons.” – Popular Mechanics, 1949
 “There is no reason anyone in the right state of mind
will want a computer in their home.” – Ken Olson,
President of Digital Equipment Corp, 1977.
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The Early History of Computers
 The Abacus
 Blaise Pascal
 Joseph Jacquard
 Charles Babbage
 Herman Hollerith
 The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
 The ENIAC
 The UNIVAC
 Transistors
 Integrated circuits
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The Abacus
 The abacus, a simple counting aid, may have been
invented in Babylonia (now Iraq) in the 4th century B.C.
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The Pascaline – 1642
 First mechanical calculator; its design used until 1960s
when the first electronic calculators came out
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The Pascaline
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The Pascaline
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Jacquard’s Loom – 1801
 First machine programmed with punched-cards
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Jacquard’s Loom
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Punched-cards for a loom
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Punched-card
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Babbage Difference Engine – 1820s - 1840s
6 feet high
10 feet long
contains 4000 parts
weighs 3 tons
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Herman Hollerith and the 1890 US Census
 Hollerith’s Tabulating Machines reduced the amount
of time to tabulate the results of the census by a huge
amount of time. Different sources say different time
frames; About.com says that what would have taken 10
years to tabulate by hand took 1 year with these
machines. Watch the YouTube video (link below) for
more information.
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Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine used for the Census
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ABC Computer – around 1940
 Built by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford
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Berry of the Physics Department at Iowa State University to help
with calculations complicated physics calculations.
First electronic digital computer
First to use the binary numbering system
First to use vacuum tubes to store data instead of mechanical
switches used in older computers
Was the size of a desk
It took 15 seconds for EACH calculation (today’s computers can
do more than 300 billion operations in 15 seconds).
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ABC
(note the tubes in the lower right corner)
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Vacuum Tubes
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IBM Vacuum Tubes
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ENIAC – 1946
Cost $500,000 to
build
weighed 30 tons
10 feet high
3 feet wide
100 feet long
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ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
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UNIVAC – 1951
 First mass produced computer for commercial use
 First to use the “stored program” concept - computers
previously had no storage - nothing to hold programs
or data
 Used a keyboard & magnetic tape, instead of punchedcards.
 Gained exposure on the CBS news for correctly
predicting the outcome of the 1952 presidential
election (Eisenhower over Stevenson).
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UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer
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UNIVAC Vacuum Tube
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The First Transistor - 1947
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1958 Transistors
(less than ½ inch wide)
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The size of a cell phone built with Vacuum Tubes:
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The size of a pager built with vacuum tubes:
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The size of a home computer built with vacuum tubes:
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Integrated Circuits - 1958
 Integrated circuits (computer chips) began use in
computers in 1961
 An integrated circuit contains many transistors (today,
up to several hundred million) and electronic circuits
on a single wafer of silicon, or chip.
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The first mainframe: The IBM 360 – 1964
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The first minicomputer: The PDP-8 – 1965
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The Birth of the Internet - 1969
The Advanced Research Projects Agency within the
Department of Defense created ARPAnet - four computers
that were connected together - which eventually grew into
what we know today as the Internet
The four computers were at the following locations: UCLA,
Univ. of California in Santa Barbara, Stanford, & Univ. of Utah
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First Microprocessor – Intel 4004 (1971)
(2300 transistors)
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 1984: Intel 80286 – 134,000 transistors; 6-12 MHz
 1987: Intel 80386 – 275,000 transistors; 16-33 MHz
 1989: Intel 486 – first processor with 1 million transistors on
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it; 25-100 MHz
1993: Pentium – 3.3 million transistors; 75-200 MHz
1997: PII – 7.5 million transistors; 234-450 MHz
1999: PIII – 9.5-28 million transistors; 400 MHz – 1.2
GHz
2000-2003: PIV – 42-80 million transistors; 1.4-3.2 GHz
2002: Pentium M (an improved PIII) – 77 million
transistors; up to 1.6 GHz
2005: Pentium D - two PIV Prescott dies in a single package;
higher heat and more power hungry than the Core 2 Duo; is
a 32-bit processor
Today: Core 2 Duo - two Pentium M dies in a single
package; 64-bit processors; faster, consumes less power,
dissipates heat better - better than a Pentium D
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1972
23 hosts (computers connected to ARPAnet) including MIT
and Harvard
the first email program is written
50 Kbps backbone (like a dial-up speed)
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The first supercomputer: The Cray 1 – 1976
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 1975: Altair – first microcomputer
 1976-1977: first Apple – Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
– built in Job’s garage; they tried to sell their idea to
Atari – they weren’t interested; then they tried Hewlitt
Packard – they said “we don’t need you – you haven’t
got through college yet”
 1981: IBM PC
 1982: Compaq is founded to develop and market IBMcompatible PCs
 1982: Sun Microsystems introduces its first
workstation
 1984: Apple MacIntosh – first desktop with a GUI OS
 1985: Microsoft introduces Windows – its first GUI OS
for IBM-compatibles
 1985: Toshiba releases first PC-compatible notebook,
the Toshiba T1100
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The Altair 8800: 1975
The first microcomputer
 Sold as a kit through Popular
Mechanics magazine, the
designers intended to sell 400 to
hobbyists over the 2 mos. the
article was printed– they sold
400 in one afternoon!
Altair BASIC, an interpreter
that allowed the BASIC
programming language to run
on the Altair computer, was
Microsoft’s founding product
written by Bill Gates and Paul
Allen while Bill was a student at
Harvard.
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The first Apple: 1976
About two hundred Apple I’s
were built and sold over a ten
month period, for the
superstitious price of $666.66.
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The Apple II: 1977
The original retail price was
$1298 with 4KB of RAM and
$2638 with 48KB of RAM.
Later, an external 5 ¼ inch
floppy disk drive could be
added. It also had other
expansion slots which
permitted other expansion
capabilities.
VisiCalc, the first ever
spreadsheet program written
for the Apple II, was released in
1979.
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– Visicalc – one of the first spreadsheet programs,
originally written for the Apple II; sold over 700,000
copies in 6 years
 1983 – Lotus 1 2 3 – combines spreadsheet, graphics,
and database
 1979
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1981 - Bill Gates: “640 KB of memory ought to be
enough for anybody”
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The IBM PC: 1981
Was $1565 when first
released
Purchased mainly by
businesses – not popular
in the home market.
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1982
 The term “Internet” is used for the first time.
1983
 DNS is created at Univ. of Wisconsin
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1984
 Upgrade to a portion of the Internet
 1.5 Mbps (like a DSL connection)
 1,024 hosts
1988
 Next upgrade begins after the above upgrade was so
successful
 56,000 hosts
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1990s
 For most of the decade, the number of hosts doubles or almost
doubles each year
1991
 WWW is released
 617,000 hosts
1992
 Upgrade complete
 1,136,000 hosts
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1993
 Mosaic is created at Univ. of Illinois
 2,056,000 hosts
1994
 Netscape is founded; Yahoo is created
 3,864,000 hosts
1994
 Internet Explorer is created
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