Transcript Wireless Communications Research Overview

Digital Electronics
Dr. Bahawodin Baha, University of Brighton, UK.
March 2007
Digital Systems, Principles and Applications, 10th Edition
R.J Tocci, N. S. Windmer, G. L. Moss, 2007.
Applications:
Computers
Telecommunication
Automation
Medical Science and
Technology
Transportation
Space Exploration
Entertainment
Home Appliances
Others
Course Summary
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Overview of Electronics
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Digital Electronics Number systems,
decimal, binary, hexadecimal
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Combinational logic circuits
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Sequential logic circuits
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Computer Systems
Course Summary (cont.)
Combinational Logic Systems
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Number systems: Binary, decimal and hexadecimal conversions
and calculations
Basic logic gates: AND, OR, NOT and Ex-OR
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Truth tables, Boolean equations.
Combinational logic circuit design: General hierarchical logic design
methodology
Minimisation using Karnaugh maps and Boolean algebra, DeMorgan’s laws.
Simulation of gates and combinational logic designs
Implementation and testing of designs using a suitable version of
TTL series ICs.
Practical aspects of using logic ICs: data sheets, current and
voltage characteristics, timing issues, output types, compatibility,
families etc..
Course Summary (cont.)
Sequential logic design
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Flip-flops: SR, JK, D, T types, truth tables,
excitation tables and device operation.
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Flip-flop applications: Registers and
counters (asynchronous); MSI and LSI
devices
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Synchronous counter and sequence
generator design method
Course Summary (cont.)
Introduction to Microprocessor Systems
 Overview of computer systems architectures, a
simple microprocessor-based system, the stored
programme concept.
 Design of a microprocessor based system
 Differences between microprocessors and
microcontrollers.
 Brief history of microprocessors and
microcontrollers.
Overview of Electronics
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Analogue electronics
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Power electronics
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Physical electronics
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Differences between digital and other types
of electronics
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Numerical Presentation
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In 1947, Transistor was invented in Bell labs
in the USA.
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It was as tall as the face of wristwatch.
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In November 2001, another Bell lab team has
built a transistor from a single Molecule small enough to fit about 10 million
transistors on the head of a pin.
Numerical Representation
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There is two ways to represent numerical values.
1- Analogue
In analogue representation one quantity is represented by another
quantity which is directly proportional to the first quantity.
Analogue = Continuous
2- Digital
In digital representation the quantities are not represented by
proportional quantities but symbols called digits. The digital
representation is in discrete steps.
Digital = Discrete
Logic Level in digital representation, 0 – 0.8 logic 0 and 2 – 5 logic 1.
Voltage between 0.8 V and 2 V are unacceptable and are never used.
Number systems
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Type of Numbers
 Decimal,
Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal
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Converting decimal to binary and
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Converting decimal to hexadecimal
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Converting binary to hexadecimal
Number Systems
Decimal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Base of 10
Base 0f 2
Base of 16
0
0000
0
1
0001
1
2
0010
2
3
0011
3
4
0100
4
5
0101
5
6
0110
6
7
0111
7
8
1000
8
9
1001
9
10
1010
A
11
1011
B
12
1100
C
13
1101
D
14
1110
E
15
1111
F
g
Converting Decimal to Binary
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Convert Therefore, 810
= (1000)2
LSB, Less Significant Bit
MSB, Most significant
Bit
To examine
(0 X 2 0) + (0 X 2 1) + (0 X
2 2) + (1 X 2 3) = 8
decimal into binary
Reminder
0
2
8
2
4
2
2
0
2
1
0
0
1
LSB
MSB
2nd Example
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Convert 624 decimal into
binary
624 decimal = 1001110000
in binary.
To examine the result
4)
5)
(1 X 2 + (1 X 2 + (1 X
2 6) + (1 X 2 9) = 624
2
624
2
312
0
2
2
156
0
78
0
2
39
0
2
19
1
2
2
2
2
9
4
1
1
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
Reminder
LS B
MSB
Converting Decimal to Hex
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Find the Hex equivalent
of (3875)
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(3875) = (F23)H
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To examine
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(15 X 162) + (2 X 161) + (3
X 160) = 3875
16
3875
16
242
3
16
15
2
16
0
Reminder
15
LS B
MSB
Converting Hex to Decimal
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Convert (AF16B)16 to decimal.
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(AF16B)16 = [(10 X 164) + (15 X 163) + (1
X 162) + (6 X 161) + (11 X 160)]
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= (655360 + 61440 +256 +96 +11)
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= (717163)10
Converting Binary to Hex
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To convert Binary into Hex, simply group them
in four and write down the Hex equivalent for
each group.
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Example:
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(10110011) 2 = (1011)2 (0011)2 = (11)10 (3)10 =
B316
Main Points
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Digital Electronics use many exciting
applications
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Introduction to digital electronics
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Number systems: Decimal, binary and hex
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Converting from one number system into
another
The End
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Thank you for your
attention.
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Any questions?
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Good luck and have
fun!