Transcript Understanding the CPU - Salisbury University

Understanding the CPU
BY:
DANIEL JUSTICE
SOLOMON HEDD-WILLIAMS
CHRIS ROSS
Agenda
 Early History
 Design Methodologies
 Current CPU’s
 Future Processor’s
 Parts of the Processor
 How CPU’s Work
 How CPU’s are installed
 CPU Performance
 How a CPU is made
CPU – Central Processing Unit
 the portion of a computer system that carries out the
instructions of a computer program, and is the
primary element carrying out the computer's
functions.
 term has been in use in the computer industry at
least since the early 1960s
Early History
 Electronic Numerical
Integrator And
Computer,[was the first
general-purpose electronic
computer
 Capable of being
reprogrammed to solve a full
range of computing problems
 Its first use was in
calculations for the hydrogen
bomb.
ENIAC
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGIteTE9glQ&f
eature=related
Early History (contd.)
 The EDVAC (Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer) is the successor
of the ENIAC. Made by the
same designers: Mauchly
and Eckert.
 This machine is able to hold
any program in memory that
was fed to it.
 programs written for EDVAC
were stored in high-speed
computer memory rather
than specified by the physical
wiring of the computer.
Early History (Contd)
 Prior to commercial development of the
transistor, electrical relays and vacuum
tubes (thermionic valves) were commonly used as
switching elements.
 Relays would suffer from contact bounce
 Contact bounce is a rapidly pulsed electrical current
instead of a clean transition from zero to full current.
 Vacuum tubes suffered no contact bounce but had to
warm up before becoming fully functional.
Early History (Contd)
 Tube computers like EDVAC tended to average eight
hours between failures, whereas relay computers
failed very rarely . In the end, tube based CPUs
became dominant because the significant speed
advantages afforded generally outweighed the
reliability problems.
Early History (Contd)
 The first such
improvement came with
the advent of the
transistor.
 With this improvement
more complex and reliable
CPUs were built onto one
or several printed circuit
boards containing discrete
(individual) components.
Early History (Contd)
 The introduction of the microprocessor in the 1970s
significantly affected the design and implementation
of CPUs.
 Completely overtook all other central processing unit
implementation methods.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2nG9NcK1RM
&feature=related
Early History (Contd)
 Combined with the advent and
eventual vast success of the now
personal computer, the term
"CPU" is now applied almost
exclusively to microprocessors.
 Since then, the ability to construct
exceedingly small transistors on
an integrated circuit has
increased, the complexity and
number of transistors in a single
CPU has increased dramatically.
CPU Architecture/ Brand Differences
 Processors have evolved from being large, bulky, and
tailored for specific applications to being
miniaturized and placed in almost any device.
 The Intel 4004 was the first microprocessor to be
developed. This CPU could complete 92,000
instructions per second. Which means a single
instruction cycle was 10.8 microseconds.
 This was the first multipurpose processor made
available to the public.
CPU Design Methodologies
 Instruction Level Parallelism
 Increase the rate at which instructions are executed
within a cpu.
 Some methods that are used to exploit this method is
instruction pipelining, where the execution of
multiple cpu’s can be partially overlapped.
CPU Design Methodologies
 Thread Level Parallelism
 Increase the number of threads (individual
programs) that a cpu can execute simultaneously.
 As a simple example, if we are running code on a 2processor system (CPUs "a" & "b") in a parallel
environment and we wish to do tasks "A" and "B" , it
is possible to tell CPU "a" to do task "A" and CPU "b"
to do task 'B" simultaneously, thereby reducing the
runtime of the execution.
 http://videos.howstuffworks.com/intel-
corporation/865-4004-intels-first-microprocessorvideo.htm
Intel & AMD Microprocessors
PENTIUM, CELERON, CORE, DUO, QUAD,
ATHLON, PHENOM, SEMPRON
Intel Pentium
 Dual core processing – Runs two independent
processor cores in one physical unit at the same
frequency. Also has 2 MB of shared level cache and
800 MHz front side bus.
Intel Celeron
 Dual core processing just like the Pentium.
 Also has same amount of front side bus (800 MHz)
 Only difference is that the Celeron has less L2 Cache
(Only 512 KB)
 Cache is a smaller, faster memory type to accelerate a
slower, bigger memory type.
 So the Celeron is ultimately slower but comes at a
lower price.
Intel Core Processor
 Maximum clock speed of 2.93 GHz to 3.06 GHz
 Four processing threads (Two to each core).
 4 MB of Cache
 Bus speed is 2500 MT/s
AMD Athlon
 Dual core processor like the Pentium.
 64 KB L1 instruction Cache per core
 64 KB L1 data Cache per core
 512 or 1024 KB L2 Cache per core
 2000 MHz Bus speed
AMD Sempron
 Only a Single core unlike the Athlon
 Same 64 KB x2 L1 Cache as the Athlon
 128 of 256 KB L2 Cache
 1600 MHz Bus speed
AMD Phenom
 Available with triple or quad core
 512 KB L2 Cache per core
 Up to 2MB of L3 Cache that is shared by the cores
 Bus speed: 3600 MT/s
The Future Processor
 Cell is a microprocessor architecture jointly
developed by Sony Computer
Entertainment, Toshiba, and IBM, an alliance known
as "STI".
 Cell combines a general-purpose Power
Architecture core of modest performance with
streamlined coprocessing elements which greatly
accelerate multimedia and vector
processing applications, as well as many other forms
of dedicated computation.
First uses of the Cell Processor
 The first major commercial application of Cell was in
Sony's PlayStation 3 game console.



Toshiba has announced plans to incorporate Cell in high
definition television sets
Cell development is clocking it at 4 to 4.6 GHz, and is reported
to have clocked it as high as 5.6 GHz.
234 million transistors
The Supercomputer
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnCZl6NNUBc
Two Most Popular CPU’s
 Intel
 AMD
Parts of the Processor
 Control Unit
Controls the sequence of instruction to be executed
 Interpret instructions
 Regulate time of processing
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit
 Calculation
 Logical Comparison and Decision
 Registers
 Instruction Decoder- interprets the instruction to be executed
 Programmer Counter- holds the address of next instruction to be executed
 Instruction Register- holds the instruction being executed
 Process status register- hold processor bit operation done by ALU
 Accumulator- stores final result of calculation
 General purpose register- stores any temporary information
 Memory address register- holds address of the data word to be accessed
 Memory data register- holds the data memory to and from main memory
 Address decoder- selects appropriate cell to store in the main memory

Parts of CPU cont..
 Front Side Bus

Consists of two channels
Transferring data
 Indicating memory address where the data is to be retrieved

 Caches



L1-directly integrated into the processor
L2-can be accessed faster than RAM, but less faster than L1
L3-located on the motherboard
 FPU

Designed to handle any floating point calculations
Parts of the Processor cont…
How CPU’s work

“Heart of the Machine”

Processes data and performs actions according to the instructions in the certain program.

Travels through electronic passageways from the motherboard to the processor.

The bus unit send the information to caches

Pre-fetch make sure the instructions are in the proper order

Decode breaks the instructions down

While processing, the ALU uses the registers as data storage areas

ALU also overlooks the entire process
How a Computer's CPU Works
How CPU is Installed

Locate the processor socket




Mount the CPU







Optional; only need this if you are going to install heatsink
Apply the thermal paste to areas of the CPU that will make contact
Make sure complete coverage
Install the Heatsink




Make sure pinholes match up
Diagonal pin pattern
Do not force
A little resistance is normal
Apply the Thermal Compound


Located on the motherboard
Has pinholes
Lift the lever
Mount over top of CPU
Clamp down with levers
Make sure tight otherwise might come loose
Install the Heatsink Fan Header and Configure BIOS


Plug power cable from heatsink into the fan header on MB
There will be more than one header, so make sure you pick the right one
How to Install CPU
CPU Performance
 Cache



enable the CPU to access recently used information very quickly.
L1 usually runs at 256kb and L2 runs at 1MB
Larger the cache the faster the performance
 Clock Speed



How fast the processor executes instructions
Processor requires a fixed number of clock tick
The faster the ticks, the better the system performance
CPU Performance
Slower CPU Clock
Faster CPU Clock
How a CPU is Made
Questions
1) You have a system that periodically locks up. You have ruled out software, and now suspect that it is hardware. What
should you do first that could help you narrow it down to the component at fault?
A rotate the ram
B replace the ram
C replace the level 2 cache simm
D disable the CPU cache in cmos
E replace the CPU
ANSWER: D
2) The POST routine, which counts system board ram first, is stored in:
A ram
B microprocessor
C rom bios
D cmos
E 8259 POST controller
ANSWER:C
3) A device which supports DMA is able to i/o with memory by and large bypassing the CPU. Bus mastering takes this a
step further by allowing a bus-master device to take charge of the data bus and send data to other devices, including
memory, and also allows two bus master devices to talk to each other without requiring the services of the CPU. Does
ISA support bus mastering?
A no
B yes
C yes, but only one device
D yes, but only in a Pentium ANSWER: B
Questions cont…
4) Pick the correct choice for the 8088 CPU.
A 16 bit word size, 8 bit data path
B 8 bit word size, 8 bit data path
C 16 bit word size, 16 bit data path
D 4 bit word size, 8 bit data path
E 8 bit word size, 16 bit data path
ANSWER: A
5) Pick the correct choice for the 80386SX CPU.
A 16 bit word size, 16 bit data path
B 32 bit word size, 16 bit data path
C 8 bit word size, 32 bit data path
D 32 bit word size, 8 bit data path
E 32 bit word size, 32 bit data path
ANSWER: B
6) Pick the correct choice for the 80486DX CPU.
A 32 bit word size, 16 bit data path
B 64 bit word size, 32 bit data path
C 32 bit word size, 32 bit data path
D 32 bit word size, 16 bit data path
E 32 bit word size, 64 bit data path ANSWER: C
Questions cont…
7) What is the first CPU to include an internal math coprocessor?
A 386DX
B 486SX
C 486DX
D Pentium
E Pentium Pro
ANSWER: C
8) What are the two main components of the CPU?
A The Control Unit and ALU
B The Registers and Output/Input management
C The ALU and FPU
ANSWER: A
9) What are the two main desktop CPU manufacturers?
A Intel and AMD
B Via and Power PC
C Marek and Sun UltraSparc
ANSWER: A
10) Transistors make it easier for a CPU to manage electrical signals?
A True
B False ANSWER: A
References
http://www.cpubenchmark.net/market_share.html
http://homepage.cs.uri.edu/faculty/wolfe/book/Readings/Reading04.htm
http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2002/07/caching.ars
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit
http://www.buildeasypc.com/hw/howto/instcpu.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b6NbPMQgwPM&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV6CReLELw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cg-mvrG-K-E
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/question268.htm
http://www.geeks.com/techtips/2005/techtips-NOV22-05.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cpu