Transcript Management Information Systems Introduction

Introduction to
Computers
Lecture 1
Prepared by Natalie Rose
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Web Page and Book List
Main Course Web Page is at:
http://nnrose.weebly.com
 Recommended Text

Shelly Cashman: Discovering Computer
2011
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Data vs. Information
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Data: Representation of a fact or idea
Information: Organized, meaningful data
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Data, Information
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Data vs. Information
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Data (PLURAL) - SINGULAR IS DATUM
A “given” or fact: a number, a statement, or a picture
 The raw facts in the production of information
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Information
Data that have meaning within a context
 Raw data or data that have been manipulated
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Computers Are Data
Processing Devices
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Computer’s four major functions:
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Gathers data (users input data)
Processes data into information
Outputs data or information
Stores data and information
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What Computers Do

Basic Components of a Computer

Input devices
 Keyboards and pointing devices
(mouse)
Output devices
 Display or video monitor
 Printer
 Speakers
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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What Computers Do
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
Basic Components of a Computer
Memory and storage devices
 Primary storage: RAM (Random Access Memory)
 Secondary storage: Storage devices that serve as
long-term repositories for data:
 Hard disk drives
 Recordable CD and DVD drives
 Tape drives
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Components of a Computer System
Memory
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Input
Control
Unit
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
Output
Registers
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Bits and Bytes:
The Language of Computers
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Bit
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Byte
 Eight bits
Each letter, number, and character = a string of eight 0s and 1s
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 Binary
 0 or 1
digit
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A Bit About Bits
Bits, Bytes, and Buzzwords
Bit-related terminology
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Byte
Kilobyte (KB)
Megabytes (MB)
Gigabytes (GB)
Terabytes (TB)
= 8 bits
= 1 Thousand Bytes
= 1 Million Bytes
= 1 Billion Bytes
= 1 Trillion Bytes
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Chapter 2 Summary Questions

What devices do you use to get data into the
computer?
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Chapter 2 Summary Questions

What devices do you use to get information out of
the computer?
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Chapter 2 Summary Questions

What’s on the front of your system unit?
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Chapter 2 Summary Questions

What’s on the back of your system unit?
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History of Computers - Long, Long Ago
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beads on rods to count and calculate
still widely used in Asia!
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History of Computers - 19th
Century
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first stored program - metal
cards
first computer manufacturing
still in use today!
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Charles Babbage - 1792-1871
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Difference Engine c.1822
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huge calculator, never finished
Analytical Engine 1833
could store numbers
 calculating “mill” used punched
metal cards for instructions
 powered by steam!
 accurate to six decimal places
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Discussion Question

What was the biggest advance that led to modern
computers?
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Electricity
Transistor
Microchip
Data storage
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Vacuum Tubes - 1940 - 1956
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First Generation Electronic
Computers used Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with
circuits inside.
Vacuum tubes have no air inside of
them, which protects the circuitry.
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UNIVAC - 1951
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first fully electronic digital
computer built in the U.S.
Created at the University of
Pennsylvania
ENIAC weighed 30 tons
contained 18,000 vacuum
tubes
Cost a paltry $487,000
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Grace Hopper
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Programmed UNIVAC
Recipient of Computer Science’s
first “Man of the Year Award”
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First Computer Bug - 1945
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Relay switches part
of computers
Grace Hopper found
a moth stuck in a
relay responsible for
a malfunction
Called it “debugging”
a computer
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First Transistor
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Uses Silicon
developed in 1948
won a Nobel prize
on-off switch
Second Generation
Computers used Transistors,
starting in 1956
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TRANSISTORS
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TRANSISTORS
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Second Generation – 1956-1963
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1956 – Computers began to incorporate
Transistors
Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors
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Integrated Circuits
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Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips).
Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated
together into a single “chip”
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INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
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Operating System
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Software – Instructions for Computer
Operating system is set of instructions loaded
each time a computer is started
Program is instructions loaded when needed
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Third Generation – 1964-1971
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1964-1971
Integrated Circuit
Operating System
Getting smaller, cheaper
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The First Microprocessor –
1971
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The 4004 had 2,250 transistors
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four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s)
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108Khz
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Called “Microchip”
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What is a Microchip?
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Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC)
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Transistors, resistors, and capacitors
4004 had 2,250 transistors
Pentium IV has 42 MILLION transistors
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Each transistor 0.13 microns (10-6 meters)
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4th Generation – 1971-present
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MICROCHIPS!
Getting smaller and smaller, but we are still using
microchip technology
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Birth of Personal Computers - 1975
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256 byte memory (not
Kilobytes or Megabytes)
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2 MHz Intel 8080 chips
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Just a box with flashing
lights
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cost $395 kit, $495
assembled.
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Generations of Electronic
Computers
First
Generation
Technology Vacuum
Tubes
Size
Second
Gen.
Transistors
Filled Whole Filled half a
Buildings
room
Third
Gen.
Integrated
Circuits
(multiple
transistors)
Smaller
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Fourth Gen.
Microchips
(millions of
transistors)
Tiny - Palm
Pilot is as
powerful as
old building
sized
computer
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Over the past 50 years, the Electronic
Computer has evolved rapidly.
Connections:
 Which evolved from the other, which was an
entirely new creation
vacuum tube
 integrated circuit
 transistor
 microchip
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Evolution of Electronics
Integrated
Circuit
Microchip
(VLSIC)
Transistor
Vacuum
Tube
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Evolution of Electronics
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Vacuum Tube – a dinosaur without a modern
lineage
Transistor  Integrated Circuit  Microchip
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IBM PC - 1981
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IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture
First wide-selling personal computer
used in business
8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors
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4.77 Mhz processing speed
256 K RAM (Random Access
Memory) standard
One or two floppy disk drives
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Apple Computers
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Founded 1977
Apple II released 1977
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widely used in schools
Macintosh (left)
released in 1984, Motorola 68000
Microchip processor
 first commercial computer with
graphical user interface (GUI) and
pointing device (mouse)
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Computers Progress
UNIVAC
(1951-1970)
(1968 vers.)
Mits
IBM PC Macintosh Pentium
Altair
(1981)
(1984)
IV
(1975)
2 Intel
Intel 8088 Motorola Intel P-IV
8080
Microchip 68000
Microchip
29,000
- 7.5 million
Microchip -Transistors
transistors
Circuits
Integrated
Circuits
RAM
Memory
Speed
512 K
265 Bytes 256 KB
256 MB
1.3 MHz
2 KHz
Storage
100 MB
Hard Drive
8” Floppy Floppy
Drive
Drive
Size
Whole
Room
Briefcase
3200 MHz
= 3.2 GHz
Hard
Drive,
Floppy,
CD-Rom
Small
Tower
(no monitor)
4.77 MHz
Floppy
Drives
Briefcase Two
+ Monitor shoeboxes
(integrated
monitor)
Cost
$1.6 million $750
$1595
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~$4000
$1000 $2000
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1990s: Pentiums and Power
Macs
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Early 1990s began penetration of computers into every niche: every
desk, most homes, etc.
Faster, less expensive computers paved way for this
Windows 95 was first decent GUI for “PCs”
Macs became more PC compatible - easy file transfers
Prices have plummeted
$2000 for entry level to $500
 $6000 for top of line to $1500
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21st Century Computing
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Great increases in speed, storage, and memory
Increased networking, speed in Internet
Widespread use of CD-RW
PDAs
Cell Phone/PDA
WIRELESS!!!
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What’s next for computers?
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Use your imagination to come up with what the
next century holds for computers.
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What can we expect in two years?
What can we expect in twenty years?
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