Transcript Richard Curtin

European legislation and the
planning of Marine Renewable
Energy; at your Ecosystem Service
PRELIMINARY RESULTS
RICHARD CURTIN, TARA HOOPER, KIERAN REILLY, ANNE-MARIE O’HAGAN, NICKY
BEAUMONT, IAIN FAIRLEY, IAN MASTERS, ET.AL.
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Objective
• Analyze planning systems (PS) of case study countries
• Identify major differences if any
• Identify parts of PS that relate to Ecosystem Services
• Future changes expected with Marine Strategy Framework
Directive (MSFD)
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Table of Contents
• Ecosystem Services
• Why?
• What?
• Case studies of MRE Planning Systems
• Expected changes with MSFD
• Ecosystem Services and the MRE sector
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Ecosystem Services
WHY?
• Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP) of the EU
• 6 objectives incl. Blue Growth, MSP among others
• 3) to promote the sustainable exploitation of the marine environment
protecting biodiversity and all marine resources;
• Otherwise known as the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)
• DIRECTIVE 2008/56/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
COUNCIL
• Key objective to achieve ‘Good Environmental Status’ in all aquatic bodies
of the EU by 2020
• MSFD clearly states the need for an ‘ecosystem based
approach to management’
• EBM has as key objective the maintenance and protection of ecosystem
structure and functions which provide services
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Ecosystem Services
WHAT?
Structure of Ecosystems
– The Biotic and Abiotic components composition
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Ecosystem Services
WHAT?
•The Structure defines the Ecosystem Functions
•The Functions of Ecosystems
– Interaction of Components
– To Provide Services
Provisioning
Supporting
Water
Resilience and
resitance
Biologically
mediated habitat
Raw materials
Nutrient cycling
Food
Energy
Regulating
Cultural
Gas and climate
Cultural heritage
regulation
and identitiy
Bioremediation of Tourism,
waste
Recreation, Sport
Cognitive benefits
Feel good or
warm glow (nonuse benefits)
Biofuels
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Ecosystem Services
WHAT?
Generally, only Provisioning Services valued in economic
sphere
Costanza et al. 1998 valued the Earths Ecosystem Services
at an average of $33 trillion (Global GNP was $18 trillion)
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Case studies of MRE Planning Systems
• Case studies carried out in Spain, Ireland, England and
Wales on planning processes for MRE projects
•We analyze the various steps that developers must follow
from the beginning of process to the end
• Legislation
• Decision-making bodies
• Aim to identify areas of planning systems that account for
Ecosystem Services
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Case studies of MRE Planning Systems
SPANISH CASE STUDY
Category
Provisioning
Regulating
Supporting
Cultural
Ecosystem Service
Food
Water
Raw materials
Energy
Medicines
Biofuels
Gas and climate regulation
Bioremediation of waste
Resilience and resitance (life support)
Biologically mediated habitat
Nutrient cycling
Cultural heritage and identitiy
Tourism, Recreation, Sport
Cognitive benefits
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Feel good or warm glow (non-use benefits)
Spain
*
*
*
*
*
*
*?
*
*
*
*?
*?
*?
*?
*?
Part of PS
EIA
EIA
EIA
EIA
EIA
EIA
EIA
EIA
EIA/consult_EIA/
consult_plan
Consult_EIA +
PP
-
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Expected changes with MSFD
• MSFD – the ‘environmental pillar’ of IMP
• Obliges the inclusion of 10 Good Environmental Status
(GES) descriptors
• 10 include:
• (D1) biological diversity, (D2) non-indigenous species, (D3) fisheries and
shellfisheries, (D4) food webs, (D5) eutrophication, (D6) sea-floor
integrity, (D7) hydrography, (D8) contaminants, (D9) contaminants in
food, (D10) marine litter, and (D11) finally energy (noise).
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Expected changes with MSFD
PRELIMINARY CONCLUSION
• MSFD GES descriptors will improve the depth and breadth
of the ES services already covered (Provisioning)
=> improved quality
• However, the Services not well covered (Cultural, ~
Regulating/Conditioning) do not seem to be improved
substantially
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Ecosystem Services and the MRE sector
• Traditional energy industries impacts can have dramatic
consequences on ecosystem services
• Extraction
• Oil spills: Prestige Spain; Exxon Alaska; Deepwater Horizon Gulf of Mexico
• Consumption
• Climate change; air pollution; ocean acidification
• RE impacts on the ES Services
• Social acceptance important challenge
• Both sectors’ impacts analyzed via PS and EIA
• Cultural service impacts of MRE are highly publicized i.t.o.
other marine energy industries the impacts of MRE are low
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Ecosystem Services and the MRE sector
CONCLUSION
• Current PS highlight the negative impacts of MRE
• Using an Ecosystem Service Framework allows:
•
To frame the overall impacts in terms of the alternatives
offered by conventional marine energy industries
• Useful to frame socio-economic impacts in general
• MRE sector should focus attention on cultural services
and how lower environmental impacts enhance these
services
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Thank you for your attention
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