Transcript Chapter 26 – The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartland, and Qing

Chapter 26 – The Ottoman Empire,
the Islamic Heartland, and Qing
China
Ottomans in full retreat – Russia and Austria seized territories,
north African provinces broke away
•Early 18th c. Ottoman in decline, weak rulers, drained revenues,
economy suffered from competition with the West
•Austrians pushed Ottomans from Hungary and Balkans
•Greece wins independence –
1830
•Serbia in 1867
•Mahmud II – 19th c. Ottoman
sultan; built a private,
professional army; crushed
the Janissaries and initiated
reforms based on Western
precedents, launched far
reaching reforms patterned on
Western models
Lord Byron –
Romantic poet - died
in Greek revolution
Young Turks – Members of the
Ottoman Society for Union and
Progress; intellectuals and
political agitators seeking the
return of the 1876 constitution;
gained power through a coup in
Muhammad Ali – Controlled Egypt by
1811; began a modernization process
based on western models but failed to
greatly change Egypt; died in 1848
Khedives - Descendants of
Muhammad Ali; rulers of Egypt until
1952
Mamluks – Rulers
of Egypt under the
Ottomans;
defeated by
Napoleon in 1798;
revealed the
vulnerability of the
Suez Canal – built to link the Med. And Red Seas in 1869
•British occupied Egypt to safeguard their
financial and Strategic interest in canal
•Muhammad Ali’s successors abandoned
reform and became dependent on single
crop, cotton.
•Became indebted to European creditors
•Egyptian foreign debt and strategic
importance of the Suez Canal stimulated
British and French thoughts of intervention
•British intervened to save the ruler after a
revolt
•British consuls thereafter directed the
Egyptian government through puppet
khedives
The Rise and Fall of the Qing
(CHING) Empire in China
•Manchu leader Nurhaci united the tribes conquered China
•Manchu elite adopted Chinese ways
•Chinese scholar-gentry entered Manchu service
•Manchu retained much of the political system of the ming
•Chinese and Manchu officials were paired at the highest post
•Examination system continued
•Rulers generous patrons of the arts and employed scholars to
compile great encyclopedias of Chinese Learning
•Until 18th c. influx of silver in payment for exports created a
favorable balance of payments
•Late 18th c. Qing in decline
•Exams riddled by cheating and favoritism
•White Lotus Rebellion – rebellion
started by peasants – crushed but
the glory days of the Qing were
fading
Opium War – an unfavorable
balance of trade with Europe
Fought between Britain and Qing
China beginning in 1839 to protect
the British trade in opium; British
victory demonstrated Western
superiority over China
Awarded British Hong Kong and
opened other ports to European
trade
Opium continued to flow into China
Taiping Rebellion – Massive rebellion
in southern China in the 1650s and
1860s led by Hong Xiuquan; sought to
overthrow the Qing dynasty and
Confucianism
Semi-Christian prophet, social reform,
land redistribution and liberation of
women. Local gentry rallied to the Qing
and assisted in the defeat of the
Boxer Rebellion of 1899-1901
There was a Chinese nationalist uprising in 1899-1900 against
foreigners, the representatives of alien powers, and Chinese
Christians. Expulsion of all foreigners from China was the
ultimate objective of the uprising. The name Boxers (Yi He
Quan) refers to "The Society of the Righteous and
Harmonious Fist," a loose English translation of a Chinese
term also meaning "righteous harmony band." In 1899 the
Boxers, a secret society of Chinese, began a campaign of
terror against Christian missionaries in the northeastern
provinces. Although the Boxers were officially denounced,
they were secretly supported by many of the royal court,
including the dowager empress Cixi (Tz'u Hsi). Economic and
political exploitation of China by various Western powers and
Japan and humiliating military defeats inflicted by Great
Britain in the Opium War (1840-1842) and by Japan in the
Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) were the main causes of
Chinese resentment.
Fall of the Qing: The End of a
Civilization
•Resistance centered in secret societies
•Sun Yat-sen “Father of Modern China”
•Revolutions were deeply hostile to European
involvement in Chinese affairs
•Rebellion forced the abdication of the last Manchu
in 1912
•Establishment of republican form of government
•End of civil service exam
•Ending of the use of Confucian values for
governing society.
•Era of scholar-gentry had closed
Global Connections: Muslim and Chinese
Decline – Shifting Global Balance
•China and Islam – crisis and decline
•Muslims faced the threat of the West since Middle Ages
•Chinese had to face a sudden and brutal challenge
•Chinese regarded Westerners as barbarians with a culture
•Muslims had many centers to defend
•Muslims cling to Islam
•Chinese did not have a great indigenous religious tradition