Transcript Kingdoms and Trading states of africa

Chapter 11
KINGDOMS AND TRADING STATES OF
AFRICA
LOCATE THE FOLLOWING ON PG. 342
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Atlas Mountains
Sahara Desert
Great Rift Valley
Mt. Kilamanjaro
Nile River
Niger River
Lake Victoria
Kalahari Desert
Strait of Gibraltar
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Red Sea
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Shade in:
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Rain Forest
Savannah
Desert
Mediterranean
Dry woodland
Mark: Bantu Migrations
Gulf of Aden
Mediterranean Sea
Arabian Peninsula
Congo River
KNOW YOUR GEOGRAPHY!
Savanna: Grassy Plains
 Sahara: GIANT desert
 Rain Forest
 Mediterranean
 Dry Woodland
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What do you think happened in early Africa due
to so much biological diversity?
BANTU MIGRATIONS
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Look at the Bantu migrations on your map
 Where
did they go?
West African farmers and herders who
migrated south and east between about 1000
B.C.E. and 1000 C.E.
 Spoke Bantu language
 Spread their knowledge about farming,
ironworking, domesticating animals
 Bantu influence is still around
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NUBIA
About 2700 B.C.E., civilization along the Nile
was growing
 Traded with Egypt, incorporated a lot of
Egyptian culture, modeled their society on
Egyptians
 Eventually had to leave their region in Egypt
and return south when Assyrians took over
Egypt
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RISE AND FALL OF CULTURE
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Rich in iron!
 Powerful
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tools, lots of wood
Once controlled the Nile’s trade routes as well
the route from the Red Sea to North Africa
 This
made them rich!
 Gold,
ivory, animal skins, perfumes, slaves were traded
with Mediterranean and Southwest Asia
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Eventually the Kingdom of Axum took over
NORTH AFRICA GETS INVADED A LOT
So close to the Mediterranean—who is nearby?
 Carthage was a major trading city, until the
Punic Wars
 After Punic Wars, Rome took over North Africa.
Built roads, aqueducts, dams, cities
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 Also
spread Christianity, used Africans for Roman
soldiers
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Islam spreads into North Africa
ISLAM IN AFRICA
In the 690s, C.E. Muslims conquered and
occupied North Africa. By the 700s, they had
completely conquered the Berbers, a nomadic
people.
 Gradually replaced Christianity with Islam, and
Arabic replaced Latin as the language
 Cairo, Fez, Marrakesh became famous for their
beautiful mosques and huge universities.
 Muslim traders brought Islam from the North to
West Africa
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MAP TRADE ROUTES AND KINGDOMS OF
AFRICA (349)
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Shade and date:
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Egypt
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Ethiopia
Songhai
Draw: 5 major trade
routes (pick 5 from
map)
Mediterranean Sea
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Niger River
Gao
Timbuktu
Benin City
Great Zimbabwe
Mogadishu
Cairo
Mecca
Venice
Fez
Marrakesh
SALT AND GOLD TRADE ACROSS SAHARA
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Salt was very rare in most of Africa, but was
highly valued
 Need
salt to retain water, preserve food
 Sahara had lots of salt
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Western Africa (Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal) had
almost no salt, but lots of gold
KINGDOM OF GHANA—800 C.E.-1050 C.E.
Had lots of gold, would trade a pound of gold for a
pound of salt (until 1350, 60% of the gold in the
world came from Ghana)
 Theocracy
 Traded with Muslim merchants from North Africa
 Muslims introduced written language, coins,
business methods
 Some (not all) adopted Islam
 In 1050, Almoravids (North African Muslims)
invaded and weakened Ghana
 Eventually were taken over by Mali Kingdom
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KINGDOM OF MALI
 Mansa
Musa was the strongest ruler of
Mali, came to power in 1312 C.E.
 He spread control of gold and salt regions,
and became very wealthy
 Where trade routes intersected, big cities
like Timbuktu arose
MANSA MUSA PROMOTED PEACE
He conquered a lot of regions, and converted
eventually to Islam, based much of his law on
the Quran
 Did not force Islam on his people, but promoted
religious freedom and tolerance
 In 1324, made the hajj to Mecca, and started
good relationships with other Muslim states
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MANSA MUSA
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Devout Muslim
Built mosques in Timbuktu
Education from all over:
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Judges
Doctors
Religious leaders
Scholars
Proverb: Salt comes from the
north, gold from the south,
and silver from the country of
the white men, but the word
of God and the treasures of
wisdom are only to be found
in Timbuktu.
SONGHAI
By 1400, Mali had grown weak
 In 1460, the Songhai started to gain power,
with a new capital in Gao
 Developed along the Niger River
 Did not initially adopt Islam, but later became
an Islamic state in 1492
 Had very organized government
 Like Mansa Musa, leaders went to Mecca,
formed good relationships and built mosques
and schools to study the Quran
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INVASIONS
Songhai was invaded by Moroccans who
wanted to control the salt and gold trade
 Songhai had no guns or new technology, and
were quickly wiped out by the Moroccans
 How did Moroccan Muslims get guns?
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When Songhai fell, it was the end of 1,000
years of powerful kingdoms in West Africa
AXUM
Conquered Nubia around 350 C.E.
 Extended from modern-day Ethiopia to the Red
Sea
 Axum were descendents of African farmers and
Jewish traders  very unique culture
 Extremely good location for trade: Red Sea and
city of Axum
 By 400 C.E., the kingdom controlled trade
connecting Africa, India, the Mediterranean
world
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WHAT DID THEY TRADE?
Enslaved people
 Ivory, animal hides, gold, for iron, spices,
precious stones, cotton
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Ideas also spread:
 The
king of Axum made Christianity the official
religion in the 300s.
Eventually Axum became isolated from the rest
of the kingdoms around it. Why?
 Axum eventually declined due to this isolation
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ETHIOPIA
People in the region of Axum kept Christianity,
and were united
 Geographic isolation (mountains) helped them
stay protected and helped develop a very
unique culture
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 Underground
churches still in Ethiopia today built
into solid rock
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Did keep ties with Holy Land: pilgrimages to
Jerusalem, Christians in Egypt, still a Christian
region today
AFTER AXUM
Many smaller kingdoms grew on the East Coast
of Africa, trading with the rest of the Eastern
Hemisphere (Arabia, Persia, China, India…)
 Swahili developed as a need for
communication arose between Africans and
people from Arabia
 “Swahili”  “of the coast”
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ISLAMIC INFLUENCES
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Muslim traders brought Islam to the East African
coast, and many wealthier and more powerful
people were Muslim.
The majority of the people kept traditional
religious beliefs
Slavery: Muslim traders exported enslaved people
who had been kidnapped to Arabia, Persia and
Iraq. Wealthy people bought slaves for domestic
work
This was NOT like the slave trade into the
Americas in the 1700s: only about 1,000 people
were sold each year during this time
SOUTHERN AFRICA
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Gold and Ivory trade
helped people in
southeast Africa grow
wealthy and establish a
big city around 1000 C.E.
: Great Zimbabwe.
It depended on the gold
trade
Powerful city: economic,
political and religious
center of its time
1450 C.E., it was
abandoned
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Mutapa:
A man named Mutota left Great Zimbabwe to
find more salt, and founded a new city: Mutapa
Controlled most of Zimbabwe
Rich in gold, forced conquered people to mine for
it
In the 1500s, Portugal tried to take the empire
over, but failed.
Then Portugal tried to interfere with the
politics to gain control
 signals increasing European interference in Africa