Transcript In context of Subcontinent

Evolution and Growth of Muslim
Society in Subcontinent
In context of Subcontinent
Dated:22-09-2013
By
Muhammad Ali Khan
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Outline
 Introductory
 Society
 Evolution and Growth
 Muslim Society
 Evolution of Muslim Society
o Earlier period (Prior to 712)
o 712 to 1526
o Governing Principles of Evolution
 Growth of Muslim Society
 Mangols 1526-1757
 Governing Principles of Growth
 Fall 1757-1857
 Impacts on Subcontinent
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 Appraisal
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Society
 People who interact in such a way as to share a common
culture
 The cultural bond may be ethnic or racial, due to
shared beliefs, values, and activities
 The term society can also have a geographic meaning and
refers to people who share a common culture in a
particular location
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Constituents of A Society
 Culture
 Laws
 Government
 Institutions
 Religion
 Economy
 Art and Architecture
 Identity/Ideology
 Collective Consciousness
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Culture
 Consists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects and other
characteristics common to the members of a particular
group or society
 Through culture, people define themselves, conform to
society's shared values, and contribute to society
 Culture includes many societal aspects:
 language, customs, values, norms, mores, rules, tools,
technologies, products, organizations, and institutions
 Institution refers to clusters of rules and cultural meanings associated with
specific social activities.
 Common institutions are the family, education, religion, work,
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Culture
"The complex way of knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals,
customs, and other capabilities and habits of man".
 Language
 Family as Unit of Society
 Division of labor
 Moral Code
 Art and Architecture
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Muslim Society
 Having Muslin Identity
 Culture
 Sources of Law
 Ideology
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Determinants of Muslim Society
 Invaders
 Settlers /Refugees
 Sufis /Ulemas/Intellectuals
 Reformists Movement
 Service Gentry
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Evolution of Muslim Society
o Earlier period (Prior to 712)
o Pre-Muslim Civilizations
o Early Links by
o Traders
o 712 to 1526
o Invaders
o Sufias/Ulema
o Role of Service Gentry
o Refuges and Settlers
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Some Theories of Spread of Islam
 Muslims are descendants of migrants from the
Iranian plateau or Arabia (Settlers and Refuges)
 Conversions occurred for non-religious reasons
of pragmatism and patronage such as social
mobility among the Muslim ruling elite or for
relief from taxes,
 Conversion was a result of the actions of Sufi
saints and involved a genuine change of heart
 Conversion was due to Invadors
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Cont….
 Conversion came from Buddhists and the masses
conversions of lower castes for social liberation
and as a rejection of the oppressive Hindu caste
system
 As a socio-cultural process of diffusion
and integration over an extended period
of time into the sphere of the dominant
Muslim civilization and global polity at
large
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Evolution(Earlier Period)
 Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the Indian
subcontinent from ancient times in Malabar region, which
linked them with Arab peninsula
 In Malabar, the Moppilas may have been the first
community to convert to Islam as they were closely
connected with the Arabs than others with the ports of
South East Asia
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Cont…
 Invasion of Muhammad bin Qasim,Sindh became the
easternmost province of the Umayyad Caliphate
 Arab traders transmitted the numeral system developed
Muslims to India
 Many Sanskrit books were translated into Arabic as early
as the Eighth century during the reign of the second
Abbasid caliph al-Mansur [754–775]
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Three Political Centers of Muslims
 The first was the rich Mali Kingdom in Africa, which attained
its zenith under Mansa Musa (d. 1332)
 The second was the Mamluke Empire embracing Egypt and
Syria
 The third, and by far the most powerful, was the Sultanate
of Delhi
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Cont…
 The Slave Dynasty
 The Khiljis (1296-1316)
 conquered all of India and Pakistan, from Peshawar to Malabar, an area covering more
than a million and half square miles
 The Tughlaqs (1316-1451)
 Muhammad bin Tughlaq (d. 1351), primarily because we know a great deal about his
court through the writings of Ibn Batuta
 So rich was the Delhi Sultanate that Ibn Batuta, 1335-1341, records that
whenever the Emperor passed through the streets of Delhi, the courtiers
following him threw coins of gold and silver in the streets for
the amah (common folk) use to pick
 It was in this magnificent Delhi court that the final resolution of the tug-of-war
between the Sufis, the anti-Sufis, the philosophers, the doctors of law and the
ruling elite took place
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Invaders
 South- Arabs
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712
 North-Ghouriz
1196-1206
 West -Afghanis
998 to 1120
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 By the middle of the 14th century,
trade routes between Africa,
Europe, the Middle East, Central
Asia, India and China, which had
been cut by the Mongol invasions,
had been restored
 With the conversion of Ghazan the
Great (1295), Persia was back in
the fold of Islam
 This removed the barrier to travel
by land from India to West Asia and
from there to Africa and Spain.
 A flexible Islam welded together a
world order wherein people and
ideas traveled freely from one
continent to another
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Iran / Mongolia: Ghazan Khan (r.1295-1304) with
his wife Kokachin at court, 13th century
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Settlers/ Refugees
 Mangools,Qureshis,Drawadian,Arayan
 The Mongol devastations resulted in a substantial migration
of men of learning from Central Asia and Persia into India
 The influx of the Sufis provided the spiritual momentum for
the spread of Islam in India and present Pakistan, The
migration was not confined to dervishes and Sufis
 A large number of Ulema and kadis also fled and sought
employment in Hindustan
 Others migrated further east to the Indonesian islands
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Reformist Movements
 Islmists
 Mujaddid Alaf Sani
 Hazrat Baqi Billah
 Assimilation
 Bhagat Kabir 1398-1518
 Guru Nanak 1469-1539
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Role of Service Gentry
 In Slave Dynasty
 Chihalgani was the group of most important and
powerful forty nobles or highly placed officers in the
court of Iltutmish
 Iltutmish had organized them as his personal
supporters
 Modern Kitchen Cabinet
 Influencing the establishment of Military and
Administration and Annexation of areas
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Growth of Muslim Society 1526-1757
 Period of Growth 1526-1757
 Chughtai Turks
 Reformist Movements
 Role of Service Gentry
 Settlers
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Invaders
 North_West-Chughtai Turks
 West –Afghan/Patthan
1526
1739 and 1721
Settlers
A large number of Ulema and kadis also fled and sought
employment in Hindustan after Babur and Hamuyn’s
return, Many Settlers came with Babur too
Reformist Movements
 Mujadaid Alaf Sani
 Shah Wali Ullah
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Education
 Ders-e-Nizami
 Farangi Mahal Lakhnow, Mulla Nizam-o-Din
 Ideology of Life
 Dunya as Maya to Balance of lives
 Language
 Persion,Urdu,Lashkari
 Intellectual Development
 Sheikh Mubarak, Faizi,abu Al-Fazal, Shah Wali
Ullah
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Earlier Social System
 India, whose social structure was fossilized by the caste
system, was ready to accept a universal religion like
Islam
 The most important reason for the success of the Sufis
lay in the spiritual bent of the Indian mind by humanity,
and dignity of man
 Every culture produces an ARCHETYPE that personifies
the ethos of that culture. Islam introduced the concept of
Equality
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Work of Sufis
 The Sufis were eminently successful not just
because of Zikr, and carity, but because they
established effective institutions to do their work
in their own lifetime and to continue it after they
departed
 Purification by Qawwalli and Arifana Kalam,
Chanting Slogans
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Cont…
 The first Moghul emperor Babur was himself a Sufi
mystic. Emperor Akbar was a murid of Shaykh Salim
Chishti (Fatehpur Sikri, d. 1572)
 He made annual pilgrimages on foot to the tomb of
Shaykh Salim as well as to the tomb of Khwaja
Moeenuddin of Ajmer.
 Since the methods and processes of the Sufis have
changed little over the last thousand years, the Chishtiya
order, together with its sister Qadariya and Suhrwardi
orders, provide a cultural link between modern Islam
with the Middle Ages.
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Famous Sufis
 Bahudin Zakria
 Moin-ud-Deen Chisti
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1182-1262
1142 -1236
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Orders
 Shadhilyya was founded by Imam Nooruddeen
Abu Al Hasan Ali Ash Sadhili Razi. It was brought
to India by Sheikh Aboobakkar Miskeen sahib
Radiyallah of Kayalpatnam and Sheikh Mir Ahmad
Ibrahim Raziyallah of Madurai. Mir Ahmad
Ibrahim became the first of the three
Sufi saints revered at the Madurai
Maqbara in Tamil Nadu. There are more than 70
branches of Shadhiliyya and in India
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Chistia
 The first of the Chishti saints was Abu Ishaq Shami (d. 329 /AD 940–
41), Abu Ishaq Shami established the Chishti order in Chisht
 During the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq, who spread the Delhi
Sultanate southward, the Chistiyyah order spread its roots all across
India
 During the Mongol invasion in AD 1220 and Safavid attack in 1509
many Chishti Sufis migrated to Uch, Ajodhan, Bhakkar and Sehwan in
Sindh
 The Khanzada subdivision of the Rajput clan was converted to Islam
by Chishti Sufis
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Cont…
 The first of the Suhrawardi saints was Abu al-
Najib Suhrawardi (490–563 AH).
 The Suhrawardiyyah order achieved popularity
in Bengal
 The Qadiri order was founded by Abdul-Qadir
Gilani, whose tomb is in Baghdad. It is popular
among the Muslims of South India, Kernatka and
Kerala
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Cont…
 Qadria_The origin of this order can be traced
back to KhwajaYa‘qubYusuf al-Hamadani (b. AD
1140
 It was patronized by the Mughal rulers, as its
founder was their ancestral pīr, or spiritual guide.
"The conquest of India by Babur in 1526 gave
considerable force to the Naqshbandiyya order),
who lived in Central Asia
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New Class Identity in Muslim society
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 Turk Elites
Governance
 Ulema
Court, Judicial System
 Sufis
Religion
 Sadats
Khan/Maik/Ameens/Bureaucracy
 Community
Based on Profession
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Role of Service Gentry
 Muslims Elites/Nobels
 Establishing the Modern trends
 Used to control the masses and Influence the King
 Sheikh Mubarak
 Abu Alfazal
 Sheikh Faizi
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Cultural Context
Spread of Islam
 Case one By Invaders
 If accepted by Elites
 Society became Islamic,
 Islam Spread Fast
 Local culture was absorbed
 Example Iran and Africa
 If accepted by Common Masses
 Society did not became Islamic,
 Islam Spread Slow
 Local culture was not absorbed
 Example Subcontinent
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Cont…
 Case two By Sufis
 If accepted by Elites
 Society became Islamic,
 Islam Spread Fast
 Local culture was absorbed
 Example Iran and Africa
 If accepted by Elites
 Assimilation of Society ,
 Islam Spread Slow
 Local culture was not absorbed
 Example Subcontinent
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Appraisal
 Evolution of Muslim Society
 Early Links
Traders
 Introduction
Invaders
 Spread and Social Fabric Sufis/Ulemas
 Preliminary Fabric
Altutmash
 Early Consolidation
Balban
 Initial Economic Stability Khilgis
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Growth of Muslim Society
 Annexation and Federation
Babur-The Lion Heart
 Development of Infrastructure Sher Shah Suri
 Revenue System
Sher Shah and Akber
 Art, Music, Architecture
Jahangir and Shahjahan
 Education and Ideology
Aurangzeb
 Islamic Identity
Aurangzeb
 Cultural Growth
Early Mughls
 Art and Literature
Late Mughals
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Concluding Remarks - an Empirical
Frame Work of Muslim Society
 Ethnic Response
 Raja Dahir, Khushal khan Khatak,
 Muslim Identity
 Sufia, Mujadad Alaf sani, Alamgir
 Assimilation or Synthesis
 Bagat Kabir, Guru Nanak, Akber
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Evolution of Muslim Society
o Pattern of Evolution
Governing Principles
o Introduction by Traders/Invaders
o Strike on cast system and
o Spread by Sufis
Equality
o Piety and Humanitarianism
by Sufis
o Tolerance
o Freedom of Worship
o Early Identity as Muslim
o Cultural Identity
o Art and Architecture
o Struggle for strong Military
o Establishment of
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Administrative/Govt System
o Consolidation of Masses
o Synthesis by,Bagat Kabeer and
Gru Nanak
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Growth of Muslim Society 1526-1757
 Pattern of Growth
 Building Institutions (Revenue System and Administration)
 Political Maturity (Establishment of Central Govt.)
 Development of Collective Consciousness (Nationalism and Muslim Nationalism)
 Defined Sources of Islamic Law (Fatawa-e-Alamilgiri)
 Development of Islamic Ideology (Dara v/s Alamgir)
 Mature Education System (Dars-e-Nizami, Shadat-e-Amliya, Shadat-e-Fazliya)
 Strong Military and Political System
 Social Harmony (Deen-e-Elahi)
 Reformist Movements (Alaf Sani and Baqi Billah, Shah Wali Ullah)
 Consolidation of Muslim Identity (Reversal of Deen-e-Elahi by Alamgir)
 Appointment of Qazi to administor Muslim Law
 Creation of Large Educated Muslim Class
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 Muslim Culture
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Factors contributing in Growth of
Muslim Society
 Strong Military
 Economic Strength
 Social Harmony
 Popularity of Monotheism
 Strong Court System
 Patronage of Art and Culture
 Music,Poetry,Language,Dress,Festivals,Culinary
Department,Painting and Miniatures, Ventilated House,
Treat/Party
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Impacts
 Islam Introduced in this land
 Sultanat was one of the three power centers of
Muslim Rule
 Introduction of Public Policy
 Economic Prosperity and growth
 Establishment of Early State and Central Govt
 New Education System
 Introduction of system of Administration and
Revenue
Cont…
 Isolation of India was broken
 Rise of Regional Languages (560)
 Social Democracy
 Hospices/Khangah as unit of Development
 Arrival of man of learning
 New Language-Lasraki
 Fusion of three great Cultures/Civilizations
 Impacts were so strong that Hindus Reformis
movements as Anti thesis, Arya Samaj, Brhamo Samaj
Invaders
• Political
• Ideological
Traders
• Economic
• Cultural
Sufis
• Social
• Educational
Service Gentry
• Social
• Intellectual
Settlers/Refuges
• Social
• Economic
• Cultural
Reformist
Movement
• Religious
• Social
Fall of Muslim Society 1757 to 1857
 It is an irony of Islamic history that those who
should have been the most liberal in their
tolerance of dissident thought, namely the
philosophers, turned out to be the most
intolerant
 Weak Military
 Foreign Invasion
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