Transcript Islam

World History: Connection to Today
Chapter 11
The Muslim World
(622–1650)
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Islam Section 1
Background and Beliefs
Origins
Founder- ___________in the 7th
century
Holy Book- __________
sometimes spelled Qu’ran
Islam means submission to the
will of __________Allah is the
Muslim name for_______
________ are what the followers
of Islam are called it means one
who submits to Allah.
Mohammad’s life
•
•
•
•
Background- Life in________
Idol worship and the Kaaba
Muhammad’s Vision
The Hijra-Flight from Mecca to
Yatrib __________
• Muhhamad’s triumphant return
to Mecca and the founding of a
new religion.
Beliefs
• __________-One God
• No __________ or human
or animal depiction in art
• Strict moral code of
conduct
• Islam is the one true faith
• All the world must one day
be converted to Islam
• __________-Basic actions
required by all Muslims
5 Pillars
• Faith-In one God Allah
• Prayer- 5 times a day Facing Mecca
Mecca
• __________- welfare contributions to the
poor
• Fasting- During the holy month of
__________
• Pilgrimage- Called the __________to the
holy land of __________
1st Pillar
• There is no God but Allah
and His __________
(messenger) is Muhammad
• The language of
_________is sacred to
Muslims it is what the
original Koran is written in
and to Muslims the only
true form of the Word of
God
The second Pillar-Prayer
• Muslims must __________ five
times a day and face the holy city
of __________.
• They usually kneel on a rug and
say several prayers of thanks and
worship
• They also gather on Fridays in a
__________to pray as a group
and to hear messages of
inspiration
The third pillar-Almsgiving
• Alms is money for the poor
• It is mandatory for Muslims
to give __________of their
income per year to the poor
and sick. Most give much
more than this
• Giving Alms is a gateway to
__________ according to
the Koran
Fourth Pillar-Fasting
• Muslims do not eat from sun up to sun down during
the holy month of __________
• ]Also smoking, drinking and sexual relationships are
prohibited. During Ramadan, Muslims are also
expected to refrain from indulging in violence, anger,
envy, greed, lust and backbiting, and are meant to get
along with each other better than normal.
• Because the Islamic __________calendar has no
correction for the fact that the lunar year is 11 to 12
days shorter than the solar year, Ramadan __________
throughout the seasons.
• Eid-Al-Fitr marks the end of Ramadan. Muslims come
out and rejoice with a sense of accomplishment for
coming closer to __________ It is a time for Muslim
families and friends to worship and celebrate together
The Fifth Pillar-The Hajj
• The ________ is the
Pilgrimage to Mecca
• Each Muslim is
expected to visit
__________ in Saudi
Arabia at least once
in their life time
•
Ka’aba 
Other Islamic beliefs
• Strict dietary laws
throughout the year
including the eating of no
pork products and the
consumption of no alcohol
• ______and Christians are
considered people of the
book
• ______ or struggle against
injustice
• Belief in heaven and hell
Other Islamic beliefs continued
•
•
•
•
Men may have as many as four _______ at a time.
Divorce is permitted but it is strongly discouraged.
Thieves were to have their right hand chopped off.
Anyone who speaks disrespectfully of Allah or the
_______ are to be put to death and they go to hell
instantly.
• Allah is a compassionate and loving God to those who
believe in Him but to those who deny Him, He shows no
mercy.
• _______ worshipers are to be attacked on sight but all
wars should be defensive and retaliatory not instigated.
Islamic Law
• _______ : The law system inspired by the Koran
the way that Muhammad (the Prophet of Islam)
lived his life.
• Sharia is the totality of religious, political, social,
_______ and private life
• The regulations of the Sharia can be divided into
two groups:
1. regulations on _______ and ritual duties
2. regulations of juridical and political nature
• Sharia is primarily meant for all Muslims, but
applies to a certain extent also for people living
inside a Muslim society
Shiites and Sunnis
• Unrest over excesses of the Umayyad rulers
leads to a split.
• The _______ opposed Umayyad rule and
believed that only a descendant of
Muhammad could be _______ .
• Sunnis remained loyal to the Umayyad
• The main difference is that the Shi’a sect
believes that the leader of the empire should
be the spiritual leader as well. The Sunnis
believed that they could be different people
Section 2
Islam Expands
2
An Age of Conquests
The Caliphs and the Spread of Islam
• Muhammad dies in 632 AD with no
son or heir
• Abu Bakr becomes _______ which
means successor
• Led a series of _______ or holy
wars/struggles against neighboring
empires
• There are 3 other caliphs to follow
all of them use warfare to gain more
territory and power there will be a
split when the 4th of these “_______
_______ _______ ” dies.
Umayyad Dynasty:661-750
• Syrian governor rebels and becomes the new
caliph and Islamic power shifts from Mecca in
Arabia to _______ in Syria
• Under Umayyad rule Islam spreads to many
new lands and new people and a true Islamic
Empire is formed
• They did not force conversion but they gave
special _______ breaks to those who did.
• Taxes paid for a luxurious lifestyle for the
Umayyad rulers
Abbasid Dynasty: 750-1258
• The Abbasid family descended from Muhammad so
the Shiites helped them overthrow the Umayyad.
• Eastern Rule: Moved capital to Baghdad in Iraq.
Revenue came through high taxes on unbelievers.
• As the Abbasids grew more wealthy they became
disconnected from the people and law and order
broke down. Eventually the weakened empire was
overthrown by the Seljuk Turks and the Mongols.
• Western Rule: Fatimid Dynasty,10th century broke
away from Abbasids and gained control of North
African and Spanish Lands. Ruled from Cairo in
Egypt
The Umayyads and the
Abbassids
These powerful caliphates ruled the Islamic world, expanded the Arab
empire, and brought about a golden age in Muslim civilization.
UMAYYADS
ABBASSIDS
Set up dynasty that ruled
until 750
Overthrew the Umayyads in
750
Conquered lands from
Atlantic to the Indus
Valley
Ended Arab dominance and
helped make Islam a
universal religion
Relied on local officials
to govern the empire
Empire of the caliphs reached
its greatest wealth and power
Faced economic tensions
between wealthy and
poor Arabs
Muslim civilization enjoyed a
golden age
2
Spread of Islam: Causes and Effects
Immediate Effects
Islam spreads from the
Atlantic coast to the Indus
Valley
Centers of learning flourish
in Cairo, Córdoba, and
elsewhere
Long-Term Effects
Muslim civilization
emerges
Linking of Europe, Asia,
and Africa through
Muslim trade network
Arabic becomes shared
language of Muslims
Split between Sunni and
Shiites
2
Movements Within Islam
Shortly after Muhammad’s death, divisions arose within Islam.
SUNNI
Believed caliph, or
successor to Muhammad,
should be chosen by
leaders of the Muslim
community.
Viewed caliph as a
leader, not as a religious
authority.
SHIITES
Believed that only
descendents of Muhammad
could become caliph.
Believed descendents of
Muhammad to be divinely
inspired.
SUFI
Sought to communicate
with God through
meditation, fasting, and
other rituals.
2
Decline of the Muslim Empire
Despite the decline of the empire, Islam continued to link
diverse people across an enormous area.
• Around 850, the caliphs became unable to
maintain centralized control, and the empire
fragmented.
• In the 900s, _______ Turks invaded the
Middle East and built a large empire in the
Fertile Crescent.
• In the 1200s and 1300s, _______ invaders
dominated the Middle East.
3
Section 3
Muslim Society
Muslim rulers united people from diverse cultures. As a
result, Muslim civilization absorbed and blended many
traditions.
The class distinction between Arabs and non-Arabs faded
over time.
People enjoyed a certain degree of _______ _______ ,the
ability to move up in social class.
_______ was a common institution.
Islamic Society
•
•
•
•
•
•
Women:
Divided into classes
1st class: Aristocrats
2nd class: non Arab converts
3rd class: Protected people of the Book
4th class: _______
Islamic Economy
• Islamic Law
encouraged trade
• Used trade to help
spread faith and raise
money for poor
• Invented the bill of
exchange
• Created joint-stock
company
Golden Age of Islam
• Navigation: Perfected both the
Chinese Compass and the Greek
Astrolabe
• Education: Muslim Scholars helped
preserve many Hellenistic works
• Math: _______ creates al-jabr
• Medicine: _______ wrote medical
encyclopedias, others performed
surgery and gave injections for small
pox and measles
• Literature: 1001 Arabian Nights, Sufi
Poetry, Calligraphy
3
Muslim Advances in Learning
PHILOSOPHY
Scholars tried to
harmonize Greek
ideas of reason
with religious
teachings of
Islam.
Ibn Khaldun set
standards for
scientific study of
history.
MATHEMATICS
Scholars studied
Indian and Greek
mathematics.
Al-Khwarizmi
pioneered the
study of algebra
and wrote
mathematics
textbook that
became standard
in Europe.
ASTRONOMY
Al-Khwarizmi
developed
astronomical
tables.
Astronomers
calculated
circumference of
the Earth.
MEDICINE
Government set up
hospitals with
emergency rooms.
Muhammad alRazi studied
measles and
smallpox.
Ibn Sina wrote a
medical
encyclopedia.
Surgeons
developed
treatment for
cataracts.
4
Section 4
Muslims in India
• What impact did the Delhi sultanate have on India?
• How did Muslim and Hindu traditions clash and
blend?
• How did Akbar strengthen Mughal India?
4
The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire
4
Hinduism and Islam Clash and Blend
4
Akbar the Great
During his long reign, Akbar strengthened Mughal India.
Akbar accomplished the following:
• Implemented policy of religious _______
• Employed paid officials, instead of _______
officeholders
• Modernized the _______
• Encouraged international _______
• Standardized weights and measures
• Introduced land reforms
5
Section 5
The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
• How did the Ottoman empire expand?
• What were the characteristics of Ottoman culture?
• How did Abbas the Great strengthen the Safavid
empire?
5
“Gunpowder Empires”
While the Mughals ruled India, the Ottomans and the
Safavids dominated the Middle East and parts of Eastern
Europe.
All three owed much of their success to new military
technology, such as cannons and muskets.
As a result, the period from about 1450 to 1650 is
sometimes called “the age of gunpowder empires.”
5
Ottoman and Safavid Empires, 1453–1629
5
The Ottoman Empire Under Suleiman
GOVERNMENT
Suleiman had absolute
power.
SOCIETY
Ottoman law was
based on _______ .
Society was divided
into four classes, with
“men of the pen” and
“men of the sword” at
the top.
The Ottomans
recruited government
and military officers
from conquered
people.
Non-Muslims were
organized into ______ ,
or religious
communities.
ARTS
Poets produced
works in the Turkish
language.
Painters produced
detailed miniatures
and illuminated
manuscripts.
The royal architect
_______ designed
magnificent mosques
and palaces.
5
Abbas the Great
The most outstanding Safavid _______ , or king, Abbas
the Great revived the glory of ancient _______ . During
his reign, he:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
centralized government
created a powerful military force
strengthened the economy
tolerated non-Muslims and valued their economic
contributions
used a mixture of force and diplomacy against the
Ottomans
forged alliances with European states
built a magnificent new capital at Isfahan
supported the growth of Persian culture