Transcript Early India 3000 BC – 320 AD - 8th Grade World History I Overview

Ancient India
Know
Wonder
Learned
Predict and Explain
Where do you think civilizations first began in India?
Early India
3000 B.C. – 320 A.D.
“Like ancient Greece, early India was a land of
warriors, thinkers, and scientists.”
World History I
Mrs. Bailey
Fall 2012
Objectives
Chariots belonging to the Aryans
Aryan Invaders
• Describe how climate and geography affected
India and how Aryans changed India.
• Summarize the main tenets of Hinduism and
Buddhism, then prepare to compare them to
Christianity and Islam.
• Discuss the effects of the Mauryan and Gupta
empires on India.
Mauryan Sculpture
Section 1:
India’s Early Civilizations
GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA
• Climate and geography
influenced the rise of
India’s first civilization.
• New ideas and technology
influenced the
development of India.
• The Aryans created a caste
system that separated
Indians into groups.
Harappan Civilization from PBS
Cause and Effect Relationships
How did the Aryan migration change India?
Aryans improved farming, declared cows sacred, introduced
a new language and writing system, developed a caste
system, and organized rival kingdoms.
ARYAN MIGRATION
Major Ways
Aryans
Changed India
Declared cattle
sacred
Invented iron
plow and
improved
farming
Cleared
jungles and
built irrigation
canals
Brought Sanskrit
language,
introduced tribal
organization and
caste system
In detailed sentences, explain how geography and
weather affected India’s first civilization and be sure to
include how India is separated from the rest of Asia.
• India’s first civilization began in the Indus
River Valley and the summer monsoon, an
important part of the Indian climate, would
cause the river to flood leaving rich, fertile
soil allowing crops to grow and provide
plentiful food, thus leading to civilization
traits (what are they?). Additionally, the
geography provided for protection as seas
and the Himalaya mountains separated it
from the rest of Asia.
What two rivers are found in northern India?
Indus and Ganges Rivers
SECTION 1 VIDEO:
INDIA'S EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
How did the Aryan and Harappan lifestyles differ? To
which civilization would you want to belong and why?
Harappans – City-Dwellers
• Well planned cities
• Mud brick houses with courtyard
• Well water and indoor
bathrooms
• Garbage chutes
• Granaries to store food for
population
• Fortress for protection
• Farmers (rice, wheat, barley,
peas, cotton)
• Copper and bronze tools, clay
pottery, seals and stamps, cotton
cloth, toys, and jewelry from
gold, shells, and ivory
• Likely traded with Mesopotamia
via boats
Aryans - Nomads
• From Central Asia
• Raised/Herded Animals
• Cattle prized (meat, milk, butter,
money) = wealth
• Good warriors
• Expert horse riders/hunters
• Metal-tipped spears and wooden
chariots
• Became farmers, declared cattle
sacred – not food
• Invented iron plow, cleared
jungles, built irrigation canals
• Wheat, barley, millet, rice,
pepper, ginger, cinnamon
• Developed Sanskrit
• Organized into tribes – fought
each other
WHN – Caste System
1. Read and glue in the provided caste system
handout
2. Label “Images”, then record at least 3 things
learned from the cast system images we will
view.
3. Label “Articles”, then record at least 3 things
learned from the articles we will read.
4. Label “Writing Prompt” – leave space, it will be
given later
Caste System
• What is India’s caste system?
CASTE SYSTEM FROM HOW STUFF WORKS
• Do castes still exist?
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC - UNTOUCHABLES
• India's "Untouchables" Face Violence,
Discrimination – we will read this as a class
• Time - Dalits and Sewage
WHN WP: Label Caste Prompt
Given what you have learned about the caste
system, how would you feel to be a dalit?
How does the idea of reincarnation affect the
lives of the dalit people in India? Do you think
this issue should be changed? Explain.
Section 2: Hinduism and Buddhism
SECTION 2 VIDEO:
HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM
• Hinduism grew out of the ancient beliefs of the Aryans.
• A new religion, Buddhism, appealed to many people in
India and other parts of Asia.
Search for
universal
spirit called
Brahman
reincarnation
Hinduism
Karma or
consequences
of actions
Dharma or
divine law
Buddhism
Buddha – “Enlightened One”
• Prince Siddhartha Gautama (563 B.C.)
• Why did people suffer and how could their suffering
be cured?
• His lessons about life and the nature of suffering
became Buddhism
– Nirvana – give up desires to reach state of wisdom
Four Noble Truths
• Life is full of suffering.
• People suffer because they desire worldly things
and self-satisfaction.
• They way to end suffering is to stop desiring
things.
• The only way to stop desiring things is to follow
the Eightfold Path.
The Eight-Fold Path
• Know and understand the Four Noble Truths.
• Give up worldly things and don’t harm others.
• Tell the truth , don’t gossip, and don’t speak badly of others.
• Don’t commit evil acts, like killing, stealing, or living an unclean life.
• Do rewarding work.
• Work for good and oppose evil.
• Make sure your mind keeps your senses under control.
• Practice meditation as a way of understanding reality.
“Morality in the Eightfold Path”
“He avoids the killing of living beings…He avoids
stealing, and abstains from taking what is not
given to him. Only what is given to him he takes,
waiting till it is given; and he lives with a heart
honest and pure…He avoids lying…He speaks the
truth, is devoted to the truth, reliable, worthy of
confidence, no deceiver of men.”
--The Word of the Buddha,
Nyanatiloka, trans.
According to the passage, what is the correct way to accept
something? Do you agree or disagree? Why?
“Our life is shaped
by our mind;
we become what
we think.”
--
The Buddha
Mahayana
• Buddha is god
Theravada
• Teaching of the elders
• Worship Buddha, get to
heaven, follow Eightfold Path,
reach nirvana
• Buddha is great teacher, not
a god
• Bodhisattvas – enlightened
people who postpone heaven
to help people on Earth
ancient sacred texts that describe
the search for a universal spirit
Karma
the consequences a soul faces in its next life
for its actions in this life
The Four Noble Truths explain why people suffer.
The Eightfold Path describes behaviors that will end suffering.
Section 3:
INDIA'S FIRST EMPIRES
• The Mauryan Dynasty built India’s first great empire.
• The Gupta Empire reunited much of northern India
and became wealthy through trade.
• The Mauryan and Gupta empires made important
contributions in literature, mathematics, and science.
Which dynasty built India’s first great
empire? How were they able to do so?
• After Alexander the Great left, Chandragupta
Maurya conquered and united almost all of
northern India founding the Mauryan dynasty,
India’s first great empire. Chandragupta had a well
organized government, a strong army, a good spy
system, and communications (postal system).
Jenne-Jeno from
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Ashoka
• First great Buddhist King
– Horrified by battles and bloodshed
– Dedicated life to peace and
teachings of Buddha
– Spread Buddhism
• teachers around India and Asia
• Stone pillars with Buddha’s teachings
• Stupas – Buddhist shrines
• Tolerance for Hindus
• Built hospitals
• Built new roads with shade trees
and shelters – easier trade and
Edict of Ashoka Video Link from PBS
travel
C. 250 B.C.
Looking at the stupa,
how might it be defined?
Stupa - Ashoka
Art work from a stupa
Mauryan Architecture
Pillar capital from
Maurya palace in Pataliputra
What geographic feature seems to have
prevented the Gupta Empire from expanding
beyond the Indus River?
The Hindu Kush mountain range
What river valleys were found within the borders of
the Gupta Empire?
Ganges and Indus River Valleys
Explain how the Gupta Empire became wealthy
and why the Gupta Empire was important.
• The Gupta Empire became wealthy from
trading salt, cloth, and iron, and from
silver and gold mines.
• The Gupta Empire was important
because it reunited much of India.
In the Bhagavad Gita, Arjuna prepares to go into battle. He asks the
deity Krishna questions about war and death. The following passage is
part of Krishna’s answer.
“Thou grievest where no grief should be!...
All, that doth live, lives always!...
The soul that with a strong and constant calm
Takes sorrow and takes joy indifferently,
Lives in the life undying!”
What does Krishna believe about life after death?
-- The soul lives on after death.
Sacred Texts
Brave warriors and their heroic deeds
Explore the Bhagavad Gita
Provides many of the
central beliefs in Hinduism
Depicts duties of relationships, portrays
ideal characters (son, father, brother,
wife, king…) and explores human values
and concept of dharma
Rama with Sita on the throne, their children Lava and Kusha on their laps. Behind the throne, Lakshamana,
Bharata and Shatrughna stand. Hanuman bows to Rama before the throne. Valmiki to the left
Kalida
Writer of plays, poems,
love stories, comedies
Panchatantra Tales
- Greedy Brahma Rakshas And The Thief
“The Cloud Messenger” (Meghadūta) is considered to be one of the greatest Sanskrit poems
and recounts how a Yaksa, an attendant of Kubera (the God of Wealth) after being exiled for a
year to central India for some unknown transgression, convinces a passing cloud to take a
message to his wife on Mount Kailasa in the Himalayas. The yaksa accomplishes this by
describing the many beautiful sights the cloud will see on its northward course to the city of
Alaka, where his wife awaits his return. In 1813, the poem was first translated into English by
Horace Hayman Wilson. - info from http://thegreatbookslist.com/kalidasa.html
Add These Notes in your WHN
Some of the
first to use
algebra
Developed
concept of and
symbol for
zero
Contributions
Explained
concept of
infinity
ANCIENT INDIA
MEDICINE
Invented
symbols 1-9
and algorithms
• The winter monsoon
winds come from the
northeast. What makes
the winds from that
monsoon cold?
– The Himalaya Mountains
• Name at least two
natural features that
protected Harappa and
Mohenjo-Daro from
invaders.
– Thar Desert, Himalaya
Mountains, Hindu Kush
Mountains
Buddha’s Farewell Address
-- The Teachings of Buddha,
compiled by Paul Carus
“Hold fast to the truth as a lamp. Seek salvation
alone in the truth. Do not look for assistance to
anyone besides yourselves…
Those who, either now or after I am dead, shall be
lamps unto themselves…holding fast to the truth as
their lamp, and seeking their salvation in the truth
alone…it is they…who shall reach the very topmost
height! But they must be anxious to learn.”
CONCENTRATION GAME
TIFFIN
BOXES
FLASHCARDS
REINCARNATION
FESTIVALS
INDUS AND
THE SWASTIKA
CHAPTER 6 QUIZ
INDIAN FOOD
Religion
Islam
Hinduism
Buddhism
Judaism
Atheism
Christianity
Central
Belief
submission,
works
reincarnation,
karma, works
Enlightenment,
works
Being a Jew, works
Man is highest form
of life
Jesus provides
salvation, grace
"God"
distant, conflicting,
angry
everything is God
No God, Buddha
YHVH (God)
man
One God in 3 persons
Primary
Figure
Mohammed
Gurus
Siddhartha Guatama
Moses
Charles Darwin
Jesus
Scripture
Qu'ran (Koran),
Hadish
Vedas
Tipitaka, 4 Noble
Truths, 8 Fold Path
Torah, Prophets
Origin of the Species
Bible
Afterlife
Sensual paradise
Heaven
None
Heaven,
Hell/Lake of Fire
Absorbed into the
Nirvana, Nothingness
essence of everything
Laughter Yoga?