Transcript 5.4-memory-retrieval..

I CAN
• Explain how we retrieve our memories
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
How Do We
Retrieve Memories?
Whether memories are
implicit or explicit, successful
retrieval depends on how
they were encoded and how
they are cued
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Implicit and Explicit Memory
Implicit Memory
Memory that was not
deliberately learned or
of which you have no
conscious awareness or
memory of ever having
learned them
Procedural memories are
often implicit, but not
always
In daily life, people rely on
implicit memory in the
form of procedural
memory…..
…the type of memory that
allows people to
remember how to tie
their shoes or ride a
bicycle without
consciously thinking
about these activities.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Implicit and Explicit Memory
Explicit Memory For Example:
Memory that has
-Answers to a test
been processed with
-Remembering the
attention and can be
time of an
consciously recalled
appointment
-Recalling your
favorite Christmas
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Retrieval Cues
Stimuli that are used to bring a memory to
consciousness or into behavior
Cue Card
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 Déjà
Vu
(French for ‘already seen’)

Cues from the current
situation may
subconsciously trigger
retrieval of an earlier
similar experience

"I've experienced
this before."
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Retrieval Cues
 Priming
Technique for retrieving implicit memories
by providing cues that stimulate a
memory without awareness of the
connection between the cue and the
retrieved memory
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Priming

If you are presented with the following
words:
assassin, octopus, avocado,
mystery, sheriff, climate
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Priming

An hour later, you would easily be able to
identify which of the following words you
had previously seen:
twilight, assassin, dinosaur, mystery
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Priming

However, an hour later, you would also
have a much easier time filling in the
blanks of some of these words than
others:
ch_ _ _ _ nk
o _ t _ _us
_ oog _ y _ _ _
_ l _ m _ te
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Priming

While you did not actively try to
remember “octopus” and “climate” from
the first list, they were primed in the
reading, which made them easier to
identify in this task
chipmunk
octopus
boogeyman
climate
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Retrieving Explicit Memories
• Anything stored in LTM must be “filed”
according to its pattern or meaning.
• So the best way to add material to the
LTM is to associate it with material
already in the LTM--- We call this???
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Recall and Recognition
Recall
Technique for
retrieving explicit
memories in which
one must reproduce
previously presented
information
Example: On an essay
test, you must create
answers entirely
from memory with
only the help of a few
cues.
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Recall and Recognition
Recognition
Technique for retrieving
explicit memories in
which one must identify
present stimuli as
having been previously
presented
Example: On a multiple
choice test, you only
have to identify a
previous stimulus
(answer)
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Other Factors Affecting
Retrieval
Encoding Specificity Principle
The more closely the retrieval clues match
the form in which the information was
encoded, the better the information will be
remembered
SITUATIONAL FACTORS can make a difference
Example: Test questions need to be presented
on a test in a similar context in which they
were presented in the class.
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Other Factors Affecting
Retrieval
Mood Congruent Memory
A memory process that
selectively retrieves
memories that match
one’s mood
State of mind can determine
retrieval
• A happy moods is likely to
trigger happy memories
• Depression perpetuates
itself through the retrieval
of depressing memories
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TOT (tip of the tongue)
Phenomenon
The inability to
recall a word,
while knowing
that it is in
memory.
Explained by a
poor match
between a
retrieval cue and
the LTM
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Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
Jason Smith is
a master of
this!
•
•
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Watch Tip of the Tongue Learning video on Youtube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T36I8Coiz64
CAN I?
• Explain how we retrieve our memories
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007