Transcript Memory - cwdunn

Types of Long-term Memory
Long-term Memory
Explicit Memory
Episodic
Memory
Semantic
Memory
Implicit Memory
Procedural
Memory
Classical
Conditioning
Priming
Explicit memory
aka Declarative or Conscious
memory
Memory consciously recalled or
declared
Can use explicit memory to
directly respond to a question
Two subtypes of explicit memory
Subtypes of Explicit Memory
Explicit Memory
Episodic Memory
Semantic Memory
Episodic memory
Memory tied to your own personal
experiences
Examples:
What month is your birthday?
Do you like to eat caramel apples?
Q: Why are these explicit memories?
A: Because you can actively declare
your answers to these questions
Semantic memory
Memory not tied to personal events
General facts and definitions about
the world
Examples:
How many tires on a car?
What is a cloud?
What color is a banana?
Semantic memory
Q: Why are these explicit memories?
A: Because you can actively declare
your answers
Important note: Though you may have
personal experience with these items,
your ability to answer Q’s does NOT
depend on tying the item to your past
i.e. Do not have to recall the time last week
when you ate a banana to say that bananas
are yellow
Implicit memory
Aka nondeclarative memory
Influences your thoughts or
behavior, but does not enter
consciousness
Three subtypes
Subtypes of Implicit Memory
Implicit Memory
Classical
Conditioning
Procedural
Memory
Priming
Classical conditioning
 Pavlov
 Previously
neutral
stimulus now
comes to elicit
a response
after pairing
with an
unconditioned
stimulus
Natural reflex
Neutral stimulus + UCS (food in mouth)
(ringing bell)
UCR
(salivation)
Conditioned reflex
CS (ringing bell)
CR
(salivation)
Procedural memory
 Memory that enable you to perform specific
learned skills or habitual responses
 Examples:
Riding a bike
Using the shift stick while driving
Tying your shoe laces
 Q: Why are these procedural memories
implicit?
 A: Don’t have to consciously remember the
steps involved in these actions to perform them
Try to explain to someone how to tie a shoelace
Priming
Pass out demonstration sheets
Priming demonstration
 Unscramble the following word:
L T E P A
 Answer:
P E T A L
P L A T E
Priming
Why did half the class say plate
and the other half say petal?
They were primed to do so
There were two different sheets
of unscrambled words
Priming sheet 1
 Unscramble the
following word:
F I N E K
O P O N S
K R O F
P U C
E C U S A R
L T E P A
 Answer:
K N I F E
S P O O N
F O R K
C U P
S A U C E R
P L A T E
Priming sheet 2
 Unscramble the
following word:
N Y P A S
F E L A
K T A L S
D U B
L O B S O M S
L T E P A
 Answer:
P A N S Y
L E A F
S T A L K
B U D
B L O S S O M
P E T A L
Priming
Do priming demonstration
Priming
Seeing
the word rabbit
Activates concept
Primes spelling
the spoken
word hair/hare
as h-a-r-e
Priming
Activation of one or more existing
memories by a stimulus
Activation not a conscious
decision
BUT, can effect subsequent
thoughts and actions
Two types of priming
Two types of priming
Priming
Conceptual
Perceptual
Conceptual priming
 When priming stimulus influences your flow
of thoughts
 Thought to involve activation of concepts
stored in semantic memory
 Example: Previous priming demonstration
 Example: If you hear a story about a pitbull,
when someone later asks you to name a dog,
you’re more likely to say “pitbull”
Perceptual priming
Can you identify the fragmented
stimulus below?
Perceptual priming
What if you
were shown
the following
slide earlier in
the lecture?
Perceptual priming
Can you identify
the fragmented
stimulus to the
right?
Perceptual priming
What if you were
shown the
following slide
earlier in the
lecture?
Perceptual priming
When a priming stimulus enhances
ability to identify a test stimulus based
on its physical features
Priming is implicit because you don’t
need to consciously recall seeing the
priming stimulus in order for priming to
occur
Evidence for separate
implicit/explicit systems?
Neurophysiological evidence
Patient H.M.
Life-threatening seizures originating
in temporal lobe
surgically removed portions of
temporal lobe
Temporal lobe
Includes:
hippocampus
amygdala
Temporal
lobe
Hippocampus
Patient H.M.
 surgery was effective in reducing seizures
 BUT, had other side effects as well
 Can remember explicit memories acquired
before the surgery
e.g. old addresses, normal vocabulary
 Had difficulty forming NEW explicit memories
e.g. remembering the name of someone he met 30
minutes prior
cannot name new world leaders or performers
Hippocampal damage
Deficits in
forming new
explicit
memories
Temporal lobe damage
Monkeys and rodents with
temporal lobe damage show
similar patterns of deficits
Impaired performance on a
delayed-nonmatch-to-sample task
that tests explicit memory
DNMTS task
DelayPhase
Sample
Choice
Phase
Temporal lobe damage
Not impaired on similar task that
taps habit-based (implicit)
memory
Habit-based
task task
Trial
Trial One
Two
Patient H.M. Summary
 Temporal lobe damage led to deficits in
explicit, but not implicit memory
H.M. had both episodic and semantic memory
deficits
 Damage to the hippocampus alone produces
episodic, but not semantic memory deficits
 Why did H.M. show both types of explicit
memory deficits?
He had damage not only to hippocampus, but to
other structures as well
Are memories organized?
Demonstration:
Recite the days of the week
Recite the days of the week in
alphabetical order
Demonstrates that long-term memory
is organized
not just a random jumble of information
How are memories organized?
Demonstration
List of words will be read one at a time
Recall as many words as possible
Demonstration
Look at your sheet
Is there a pattern to your answers?
Most list several fruits, then vehicles,
then furniture (or vice versa)
How are memories organized?
Hierarchical organization
Associations
Hierarchical organization
 Related items clustered together to form
categories
 Related categories clustered to form higherorder categories
 Remember list items better if list presented in
categories
poorer recall if presented randomly
 Even if list items are random, people still
organize info in some logical pattern
Hierarchical organization
Mammals
Dogs
German
Shepherds
Scottish
Terriers
Cats
Siamese
Calico
How are memories organized?
Hierarchical organization
Associations
Spreading activation model
Mental links between concepts
common properties provide basis for
mental link
Shorter path between two concepts =
stronger association in memory
Activation of a concept starts
decremental spread of activity to
nearby concepts
Spreading activation model
Car
Truck
Bus
Fire
Engine
House
Fire
Ambulance
Red
Hot
Stove
Rose
Apple
Cherry
Pot
Pan
Violet
Flower
Pear
Pie