Transcript for Zack EYe witness power point with acitivity5

Understand the field of Psychology as you learn about how to
apply the theories to your own life to improve yourself and
your relationships with others!
Be able to explain how memory is shaped by social
and cultural factors.
Be able to explain two reasons why are memory is
fallable
What has been
assigned today?
Finish Introduction
What is coming up?
Entry Task: Presentation of POPs (8 minutes)
Agenda
Review POP
Memory Demostration
Two factors in memory
What is Due?
Exit Ticket:
Memory Experiment
• Why does it matter that we might
misremember a word?
• What experiment do we already know about
misremembering? Why did people
misremember? What does that mean about
memory in general?
• What is a good metaphor for memory?
Understand the field of Psychology as you learn about how to
apply the theories to your own life to improve yourself and
your relationships with others!
Be able to explain how memory is shaped by social
and cultural factors.
Be able to explain two reasons why are memory is
fallable
What has been
assigned today?
Finish Introduction
What is coming up?
Entry Task: Presentation of POPs (8 minutes)
Agenda
Review POP
Eyewitness Testimony
What is Due?
Exit Ticket:
You Be the Eyewitness
• Imagine you are at a gas station buying milk
• A man walks in, threatens the employee at the
counter, robs the cash register, and runs out
• The entire ordeal lasts about five seconds
• This is the man you saw…
You Be the Eyewitness
• The police have asked you to help them identify
the perpetrator
• They will show you a set of pictures, and it is
your responsibility to select the picture of the
man you saw rob the gas station…
How Did You Do?
• So, which picture did you choose?
• And the correct answer was... #2
• Were you right?
• What does this tell you about eyewitness
testimony?
According to Research…
• Studies show that the longer it takes an
eyewitness to decide if the perpetrator is in a
lineup, the less confident they actually are
about their decision
• Why?
• Eyewitnesses typically take several minutes to
point out the perpetrator because they often feel
pressured to choose the correct one
• However, if they are truly confident, they
should be able to decide in under 10 seconds
Choosing From a Lineup
• Research from Buckhout (1974) and Wells
(1993) indicate that an eyewitness is more
likely to falsely identify a person in a set of
lineup photographs if there is anything that
separates one picture from another
• For example:
– If one picture is larger than the others
– If facial features in all the photographs are not
identical
•
More
Research…
Malpass and Devine (1981)
– Half of their participants in the staged act of
vandalism were told that the perpetrator was in the
lineup while the other half were told that the
perpetrator may or may not be present
– Results: the participants who were led to believe
that the perpetrator was present felt compelled to
pick someone, and more often than not, they chose
an innocent person
Understand the field of Psychology as you learn about how to
apply the theories to your own life to improve yourself and
your relationships with others!
Be able to explain how memory is shaped by social
and cultural factors.
Be able to explain two reasons why are memory is
fallable
What has been
assigned today?
Finish Introduction
What is coming up?
Entry Task: Presentation of POPs (8 minutes)
Agenda
Review POP
Eyewitness Testimony
What is Due?
Exit Ticket:
POP 5
To what extent is one
cognitive process
reliable?
Lesson objectives
• Understand what is meant by EWT
• Investigate the effects of misleading
information on the accuracy of EWT
• Consider the impact of misleading
information on EWT
What is EWT?
How does it
relate to
memory?
How accurate do
you think it is?
What is Eye Witness
Testimony?
Eye Witness Testimony is
the evidence given in
court, or in police
investigations by someone
who has witnessed a crime
or an accident
Understand the field of Psychology as you learn about how to
apply the theories to your own life to improve yourself and
your relationships with others!
Understand what is meant by EWT
Understand the problems with EWT
Understand the +/- of the research supporting it.
What has been
assigned today?
Finish Introduction
Entry Task: Describe one principle of the cognitive
LOA? (10 minutes)
What is coming up?
Agenda
Eye witness
What is Due?
Exit Ticket:
What Makes Memories Inaccurate?
• With someone sitting next to you, I’d like you
to do some brainstorming…
• Think about a situation in which you observe a
crime (let’s say, in this case, a robbery)
• If you were asked a few days later to recall
everything that you saw, including what the
perpetrator looked like, what he/she was
wearing, etc., what sorts of factors would affect
your memory?
•
•
•
•
Some Possible Explanations
Poor lighting
Distance in viewing
Short exposure
Something covering the perpetrator’s face (i.e.,
a mask)
• Heightened stress and anxiety levels
• Presence of a weapon
• The own-race bias (the tendency for people to
recognize faces of their own race more
accurately than faces of other races)
Stress, the Brain and Memory
• Schema leads to false memory Now…
• Robert Saplosky (2004) believes stress
hormones can damage memory
consolidation.
– “Short-term stressors of mild to moderate
severity enhance cognition, while prolonged
stressors are disruptive.”
Be able to articulate the problems with eyewitness
testimony
Be able to explain why these problems occur.
Be able to use three studies to support your claim
What has been
assigned today?
Finish Introduction
What is coming up?
Finish Eye Witness
Testimony on
Tuesday/
Wednesday
Entry Task: What is the aim, procedure and findings
of the following studies. You will be assigned one and
will put it on one of the white boards. (Wilhelm,
Semels, Cole and Scribner, Glantzer and Cuntz)
Anderson and Prichert, Bartlett and Brewer and
Treyens
Agenda
Memory test
Finish the video on the case of Ronald Cotton
Test on POPs 3-5 on
Thursday
Loaded questions
What is Due?
Exit Ticket: What are the problems with
eyewitness testimony? Why do these problems
occur?
Organize the research
Learning as it happens in the
brain.
• What parts of the brain are used for
learning?
When stress hormones are added…
• Add epinephrine: called glucocorticoids- some
better
Eye Witness Testimony is probably the most valuable
application of memory, to our everyday life
“Juries and police place great reliance on EWT”
Kebbel & Milne (1998)
However, there’s lots of
research evidence to suggest
that faith in accuracy in EWT
is misplaced.
Fruzzetti et al (1992): 1000’s of people
probably wrongly convicted every year on
the basis of inaccurate EWT.
Wells et al (1998): reported on 40 cases
in USA where individuals convicted on the
basis of EWT, have since been cleared
using DNA evidence.
5 of these wrongly convicted individuals
had been sentenced to DEATH, and
were awaiting execution!!!
Jennifer Thompson & Ronald
Cotton
• Eyewitness Testimony Part 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSBTRLoPuo
• Eyewitness Testimony Part 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4V6aoYuD
cg&feature=related
Crime Scene Challenge
• Now that your eyes and brain are warmed up,
let’s test your observation skills a bit more
• You will have 2 minutes to study a photograph
of a crime scene on the next slide
• Try to pay close attention to details
• You are not allowed to write anything down
until time is up
• Ready?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Answer Each Question Below:
What color was the coffee mug?
Blue Red
Yellow
When was the deadline?
Yesterday
Today
Tomorrow
What time was on the clock on the wall?
10:40
11:05
1:55
How many sticky notes were on the whiteboard?
4
6
8
What was NOT in the picture? Stapler
Trash Can
Printer
What was the name on the plaque?
Bill
Brian
Carl
What color was the victim’s shirt?
Black
Blue
Red
How many plants were in the picture?
None
One
Two
What color was the marker in the drawer? Red Blue
Green
Where was the book? On a box In the trash can Under the body
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Yellow
Today
11:05
6
Stapler
Brian
Blue
Two
Green
On a box
Check Your Answers
•
•
•
•
Memory Test
Let’s do another memory test…
You will have 30 seconds to view the next slide
Try to memorize all 20 items you see
You are not allowed to write anything down
until after the screen has been shown
• GOOD LUCK!!
Finished!
Write down all the items you
can remember
How’d You Do?
• How many of you remembered seeing…
–
–
–
–
Was the guitar black?
Was the pen blue?
Was the banana yellow?
Was the nail red?
• Why?
• Remember that I asked you if you saw a banana, a pen,
and a nail…none of those were on the test! My
comments affected your memory – I was able to
implant false memories!
• What does this tell you about real eyewitness
questioning by the police?
Police Officers and Crime Scene
Investigators
• Do they play a big role?
• When Eyes Deceive- Eyewitness Testimony
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rSzPn9rsPc
Y&feature=related
• What kind of impact did the professor have in
implanting false memories?
Questioning an Eyewitness
• Leading questions
– Example: “Was the man wearing a black jacket?”
– Why could this question present problems?
• It doesn’t leave room for open-ended answers
• It encourages eyewitness to reinvent memories (in this
example, it coerces eyewitnesses into believing the man
was wearing a particular color jacket, just like I
convinced you that you saw pictures that weren’t really
there)
Effects of misleading info…
One of the main factors affecting accuracy
of memory for an event, seems to be what
happens AFTER the event has taken place.
Memories laid down at the time seem quite
fragile, and subject to distortion by postevent info.
Misinformation can introduce serious errors
into Eye Witness recall of the event.
Loftus (1992): ‘MISINFORMATION ACCEPTANCE’
People accept misleading info after an event and absorb
it into their memory for the actual event…
…there is a greater tendency to accept post-event info
in this way, as the time since the event increases
This means that there are important
implications for the ways in which police and
lawyers question individuals in criminal
investigations.
Leading Questions
• most common post-event info
• a question phrased in such a way as to prompt
a particular kind of answer:
- was the man wearing a hat?
- what colour was the man’s hat?
Suggests the man was actually wearing a hat!!
False info given to a witness after the event
can serve to change the original memory by
removing some elements and inserting others.
Be able to articulate the problems with eyewitness
testimony
Be able to explain why these problems occur.
Be able to use three studies to support your claim
What has been
assigned today?
Finish Introduction
What is coming up?
Finish Eye Witness
Testimony on
Tuesday/
Wednesday
Entry Task: Graph the aim, procedure and findings of
a study on testosterone or serotonin?
Agenda
• Organize the research
Exit Ticket: What are the problems with
eyewitness testimony? Why do these problems
occur?
What is Due?
POP 5
To what extent is one
cognitive process
reliable?
Research into the effects of misleading
information on accuracy of EWT
• Use your reading and your packet factsheet and
complete the first two on the table
Study
Loftus and
Palmer (1974)
Brewer and
Burke
Yuile and
Cutshall
(1986)
Aim/Procedure
Findings
Evaluation
BREWER AND BURKE (2002):
EFFECT OF TESTIMONY
INCONSISTENCY AND
WITNESS CONFIDENCE
Tom Rogers
Law and Human Behavior, Vol 26(3), Jun
2002, 353-364
AIMS
 To investigate the interaction between
testimony consistency and witness
confidence in mock-jurors’ assessment
of the defendant’s culpability and the
verdict they return.
SAMPLE
130 undergraduate university students.
 All volunteers.
 52 males and 78 females.
 Eligible for jury service.

DESIGN

An independent measures design with 4
conditions:
 High
consistency, high confidence
 High consistency, low confidence
 Low consistency, high confidence
 Low consistency, low confidence
METHOD (STIMULUS)
Subjects listened to a 20 min. audiotape of
an armed bank robbery trial.
 Professionally acted
 Featured opening and closing statements,
judge’s instructions and critical evidence
given by prosecution witness.
 Only responses to defense differed by
condition (all other elements of the
audiotape did not).
 Jurors asked not to consider other
evidence that may be present in a real
trial.

METHOD (DETAIL OF MANIPULATIONS)
Consistency was manipulated by
whether or not the prosecution witness
contradicted themselves under crossexamination by the defense
 Confidence was manipulated by
whether the witness responded
immediately to all questions or whether,
in 40-45% of cases they hesitated and
used qualifiers (“reasonably sure” vs.
“absolutely sure”).

METHOD (SELF-REPORT)
Attention was checked via a 16 item
multiple choice test (covering the whole
trial).
 Asked to rate confidence and consistency
by 7-point likert scale.
 On a scale of 1-100%, how sure they were
that the defendant committed the crime
(markers at 10% intervals).
 Required to give verdict of guilty or not
guilty.

RESULTS
Performance on the memory test was good
and not significantly different between
conditions
 When the prosecution witness was
confident, subjects gave a guilty at 58% as
oppose to 33% when they were not.
 Overall, 23% of jurors found guilty when
inconsistent vs 26% when consistent.
 The effect of testimonial inconsistency was
only marginally significant.

Understand the field of Psychology as you learn about how to
apply the theories to your own life to improve yourself and
your relationships with others!
Be able to articulate the problems with eyewitness
testimony
Be able to explain why these problems occur.
Be able to use three studies to support your claim
What has been
assigned today?
POP 5 due Friday
What is coming up?
Test on Thursday
What is Due?
Entry Task: What is a common
problem in the Loftus studies? Is it
significant? (5minutes)
Agenda
Criticism of Eye Witness Testimony
Other impacts on Eye Witness Testimony
Exit Ticket:
CONCLUSIONS

Witness confidence had a strong and
persuasive influence on mock-juror
judgments, regardless of whether the
testimony was consistent or
inconsistent, and even after controlling
for inconsistencies detected (p. 361).
Criticism: Yuile and Cutshall
(1986)
• Contends Loftus’s experiment lacks
ecological validity:
Yuille & Cutshall (1986)
• The witnesses provided accurate recall after
4 months, and the recall matched their
initial detailed reports.
Evaluation:
1.
2.
3.
Own Race Bias- Wright et al
(2001)
• Aim: to test whether people remember
people of their own race better
ORB- Findings
• 63% of the witnesses correctly identified
the confederate in the forced choice line-up
but more accurate if the person was of the
same race.
• High correlation in confidence and selecting
someone of the same race.
Factors in Eyewitness Testimony
• Read through the factsheet.
Now read updated information on
Eye Witness Testimony
• What is the most important information to
share with others.
Q. Write a definition of
EWT
Evidence given in court, or in police
investigations by someone who has
witnessed a crime or an accident
Q. What is a misleading
question? Give an example
• most common post-event info
• a question phrased in such a way as
to prompt a particular kind of answer:
•
- was the man wearing a hat?
People accept misleading info after
an event and absorb it into their
memory for the actual event…
Q. What did Loftus (1992) call this
effect?
• Misinformation effect
Write an Assertion
• POP
Understand the field of Psychology as you learn about how to
apply the theories to your own life to improve yourself and
your relationships with others!
Understand what is meant by EWT
Understand the problems with EWT
Understand the +/- of the research supporting it.
What has been
assigned today?
POP A is due
Wednesday.
Entry Task: What did Yuile & Cutshall
What is coming up?
Criticism of Eye Witness Testimony
24th
IA due the
Cognitive Test
on the 26th
What is Due?
try to show through their experiment?
Agenda
Other impacts on Eye Witness Testimony
Exit Ticket: