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Limbic System Emotions & higher mental functions Blends primitive emotions (rage, fear, joy, sadness) with high mental functions (reason, memory) Anatomy Hippocampus Seahorse shaped structure Deep in temporal lobe Involved in storage of long-term memory Injured cannot form new memories Amygdala Allows us to feel certain emotions and to perceive them in other people This includes fear and the many changes that it causes in the body Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. thalamus corpus callosum hypothalamus olfactory bulb olfactory tract amygdala hippocampus Memory Memory & Learning ability to hold a thought in mind or to recall events from the past Range from a word we learned yesterday to an early emotional experience that shaped our lives Learning Takes place when we retain and utilize our past memories Types of memory Short-term memory This ability to hold on to a piece of information temporarily in order to complete a task It causes certain regions of the brain to become very active, in particular the pre-frontal lobe It holds a small amount of information (typically around 7 items or even less) readily-available state for a short period of time (typically from 10 to 15 seconds, or sometimes up to a minute). Long-term memory anything you remember that happened more than a few minutes ago Long-term memories can last for just a few days, or for many years Semantic memory Idea, concepts and meanings General knowledge about the world Names of colours, capital of Canada Basic facts that have been collected over lifetimes Episodic memory recollection of specific events, situations and experiences Your first day of school, your first kiss, attending a friend's birthday party and your brother's graduation Skill memory Involved in performing skills Riding bike, playing hockey, using a keyboard Skills that become automatic or learned Case study: Physicist named SS hippocampus was selectivley destroyed by a virus Had a high IQ Could remember childhood events, physicis equations Forgot recent experiences within minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkaXNvzE4p k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fch6VY8Dc1 k Long-term memories are stored in bits and pieces throughout sensory association areas in cerebral cortex Visions stored in visual association area Sounds stored in auditory association area Hippocampus involved in storage of shortterm memory and storing into Long-term memories Language and Speech Language is dependent upon semantic memory involves Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. Damage to broca’s area can result in inability to speak Damage to Wernicke’s area inability to comprehend speech https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otviTWRZJuU Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. primary motor area motor speech (Broca’s area) sensory speech (Wernicke’s area) primary auditory area primary visual area