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3 processes
encoding
• transfers info in a form that can be stored
and accessed
storage
• holding info
retrieval
• access what is stored
stage model of memory
sensory
memory
short term
memory
long term
memory
sensory memory
• 1/2 sec visual; 4 sec auditory
• registers ALL environmental info of the
moment
• but you selectively focus on a few items
stage model of memory
short term memory
• conscious of info from sensory memory &
info accessed from LTM
• lasts however long you attend or
rehearse
• includes working memory (active
memory engaged in a task)
types of long term memory
explicit memory
consciously recalled
semantic memory
general knowledge
vs.
episodic memory
personal events
9/11
ABCs
types of long term memory
implicit memory
not consciously recalled
priming
previous experience influences behavior
procedural memory
motor skills
memory
short term
• limited capacity
long term
• “unlimited capacity”
• “relatively permanent”
memory storage
Hippocampus
Vs.
Rest of Brain
anterograde amnesia
- “stuck in time”
- when attention shifts/distracted, info is lost forever
- mild vs. severe
no new memories
brain injury
TIME
retrograde amnesia
- can’t recall previously formed memories
- diff between mild vs severe
memories lost
brain injury
TIME
dementia
memory impairment
(anterograde or retrograde)
1+ cognitive deficits:
- language
- motor activity
- recognition of objects
- executive functions
neuropsych testing
confabulation to explain lapses
normal aging forgetfulness vs. AD
compare & contrast for:
• memory retrieval speed
• severity
• insight
• progression of severity
• impairment of function
Alzheimer’s disease
Types
- Early onset: ≤ 65 yrs old
(runs in families)
- Late onset: >65 yrs old
(most common)
Alzheimer’s disease
For both early & late onset, abnormal accumulation of
operational proteins:
beta amyloid (plaques)
between cells
tau (tangles)
inside cells
brain differences
normal
Alzheimer’s
Alzheimer’s disease
mild
•
Repeating same
questions/statements
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Can’t follow conversation (confusion)
•
Can’t complete ordinary tasks
(recipes)
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Concrete thinking (can’t
abstract/jokes)
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Uses fewer words to communicate
moderate
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Forget to turn off appliances or take
meds
Can’t do tasks re planning or calculating
(e.g. checkbook balancing, grocery
shop)
Withdrawal or outbursts of aggressiveness
severe
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Little or no memory
Can’t recognize others or self
Needs assistance for self-care
Frequent incontinence
Sleep disorders
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Misplacing objects
Disorientation of time & place
Sudden mood or behavior change
Indifferent to normal courtesies or
personal appearance
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Inappropriate behavior in public
Compulsions (sex, eating, etc)
Sleep disorders
Hallucinations, delusions, paranoia
Doesn’t make sense speaking
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Weakness & frequent infections
Hard time chewing, swallowing
Loss of speech
Withdrawn & unresponsive
Immune system - pneumonia
Blood vessel tau - brain hemorhag
allows aluminum
Alzheimer’s disease
• runs 2 - 20 yrs (avg= 8 yrs)
• 5% in 65 - 74 yr olds
• 50% in 80+ yr olds
Alzheimer’s disease
Treatment
• acetylcholine (for mild AD)
• memantine (for severe AD)
• risk vs. protective factors?