Transcript Presentation

Építés- és környezetföldtan
Engineering
and Environmental Geology
Traffic engineering
4.
Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses
engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement
of people and goods on roadways. Traffic engineering deals with the
functional part of transportation system, except the infrastructures
provided. Traffic engineering is the application of technology and
scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and
management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to
provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient,
economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people
and goods (transport).
1. Road construction
A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places, which has been
paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by some conveyance, including a
horse, cart, or motor vehicle. Roads consist of one, or sometimes two, roadways each
with one or more lanes and also any associated sidewalks and road verges.
Structure of the road (after SZAKOS 2012)
Bitumen wearing on road
Highway
Soil road
Stabilized soil road
Earthwork
The term "earthwork" is applied to all the operations performed in the making of
excavations and embankments. In its widest sense it comprehends work in rock as
well as in the looser materials of the earth's crust. In the construction of new roads,
the formation of the roadbed consists in bringing the surface of the ground to the
adopted grade.
Making earthwork
Foundations
The covering usually consists of two parts: a foundation, and a wearing surface. The
functions of the foundation are as follows:
1) to protect the soil from disturbance and the injurious effects of surface water;
2) to transmit to and distribute over a sufficiently large area of the soil the weight of
the loads imposed upon the wearing coat;
3) to support unyieldingly the wearing surface and the loads coming upon it.
Road filling eith crushed gravel
Wearing surfaces
The office of the wearing surface is to protect the foundation from the wear of the traffic
and the effects of surface water, and to support the weight of the traffic and transmit it
to the foundation.
The wearing surfaces most commonly employed for roads and streets are composed of:
1) gravel, broken stone, furnace slag, and similar granular materials bound with
colloidal cement formed by the action of water on the plastic elements of rock and clay;
2) broken stone, gravel, and sand bound with:
a) bituminous cement;
b) hydraulic cement;
3) stone blocks;
4) brick;
5) wood blocks.
Making pavement with hot bitumen
Relief-equalizer structures
Tunnels
A tunnel is an underground passageway, completely enclosed except for openings for
entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road
traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal.
There are three basic types of tunnel construction in common use:
• Cut-and-cover tunnels, constructed in a shallow trench and then covered over.
• Bored tunnels, constructed in situ, without removing the ground above.
• Immersed tube tunnels, sunk into a body of water and sit on, or are buried just under,
its bed.
Bridges
A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley,
or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. There are many
different designs that all serve unique purposes and apply to different situations.
2. Railroad construction
Track bed and foundation
Railroad tracks are generally laid on a bed of stone track ballast or track bed, in
turn is supported by prepared earthworks known as the track formation. The
formation comprises the subgrade and a layer of sand or stone dust, known as the
blanket, which restricts the upward migration of wet clay or silt. This may also be
layers of waterproof fabric to prevent water penetrating to the subgrade. The track
and ballast form the permanent way.
Laying a permanent way
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