Transcript FCAT Review Week 1 Earth Science **Covers NGSSS Big Idea*s 6

Big Idea 6 Learning Goals: Students will be able to
 Differentiate between physical and chemical weathering
 Differentiate between weathering, erosion, and deposition
 Explain the composition of the layers of the Earth
 Explain how the changes in rocks within the rock cycle
relates to weathering, erosion, and deposition.
 Explain how we use the law of superposition and
radioactive dating to date fossils.
 Explain how the theory of plate tectonics is used to
describe how the Earth’s surface is built up and torn down.
 Explain how the convecting mantle causes earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and creates mountains and ocean
basins.
 Bellwork – Day 1: Differentiate between physical and
chemical weathering
Types
 of
weathering
Explanation of type
Agents for weathering
Physical
The breaking down of
rock into smaller
pieces by physical
means
Ice, Wind, Water, Gravity, Plants,
Animals
Chemical
process of breaking
down rock as a result
of chemical
reactions
Water- important because most
substances dissolve in water, Acids
found in: Acid Precipitation, Acids in
groundwater, Acids in living things,
the measure of acidity is called pH.
An acid has a pH less than 7
 Weathering is the breaking down of rocks and other
materials on the earth’s surface. There are 2 types of
weathering: Physical and Chemical (bellwork)
 Erosion is the movement of weathered material from
one place to another. Erosion occurs faster on barren
land than on land covered with vegetation. (plant
roots hold soil in place)
 Deposition is when soil, rocks, or other sediment are
deposited, or left, somewhere different than where
they started. Deposition occurs as the agents of
deposition slow down and lose energy
The Earth has 3 main layers: the crust, mantle and the core
Crust: the brittle, rocky outer layer of Earth. Very thin compared to
other layers, like the shell of an egg. Two types: Oceanic Crust – crust
under the oceans and Continental Crust – crust on land (thicker
Mantle: thick middle layer in the solid part of the Earth
 Uppermost Mantle (Lithosphere) similar rocks to that of the crust;
Asthenosphere - heated rocks begin to melt and flow slowly
underneath the lithosphere. Upper Mantle - higher temperatures and
high pressure cause rocks to stop melting and become solid again
 Lower Mantle - most dense part of the mantle
Core: dense and metallic center of the Earth, 2 parts – Solid inner core
and liquid outer core composed mainly of iron and a small amount of
nickel
Sedimentary rock: Rocks found close to the surface, less dense, formed
from weathering, erosion, and deposition.
Metamorphic rock: Rocks found deeper down and
formed where pressure and heat are high. . . . like where tectonic plates
collides.
Igneous Rock: Igneous rocks form when molten rock cools and
becomes solid.
ALL TYPES OF ROCKS CAN EVENTUALLY BE BROKEN BACK DOWN
AND TRANSFORMED INTO ONE OF THE OTHER TYPES.
 The Law of Superposition –
says that the youngest
rocks are on the top and
the oldest rocks are on the
bottom.
 Radioactive dating of
fossils: Carbon is one of
the basic elements of life.
Carbon atoms decay at a
constant rate, so scientists
use the decay of carbon in
life forms to date when
these fossils lived.
 The theory of Plate Tectonics is based on Wegeners
theory of Continental Drift which stated that the
continents were once all connected (Pangea). The
movement of the tectonic plates caused the continents
to separate and move apart. The evidence of what
happens at plate boundaries and the formation of new
crust helps support this theory. Fossil evidence where
organisms of the same species were found on different
continents also help support it.
 The earth’s mantle is where convection currents happen
that provide the energy for tectonic plates to move.
 Convergent
boundary: two plates
move towards each
other – This can cause
subduction where one
plate slides underneath
 another (subduction)
and is destroyed or it
can slowly form a
mountain.
 Divergent boundary:
where two plates move
away from each other
resulting in new crust
(ocean basins) being
formed.
 Transform boundary:
where two plates slide
alongside each other although crust is neither
created or destroyed here,
they can get caught and
cause earthquakes
 Big Idea 7 Learning Goals: Students will be able to
 Differentiate between radiation, conduction, and
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convection.
Explain how the water cycle affects weather patterns and
climate.
Explain how the jet stream and ocean currents affect local
weather.
Explain the interactions between the geosphere,
hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere
How does the Sun’s energy influence weather and climate?
Differentiate between weather and climate.
Describe how the composition and structure of the
atmosphere protects life and insulates the planet.
 Conduction: heat
transfer through direct
contact
 Convection: heat
transfer from a gas to a gas
or a gas to a liquid
 Radiation: heat transfer
through electromagnetic
radiation
 The water cycle plays a key role in weather patterns
and local climate.
 For example: Cities near the ocean will have higher
humidity levels and higher chances of rain because of
this.
 Locations farther from where evaporation happens will
have drier climates.
 A jet stream forms high in the upper troposphere
between two air masses of very different temperature.
The greater the temperature difference between the air
masses, the faster the wind blows in the jet stream.
 Varying ocean
temperatures affect local
atmospheric pressure,
which creates regional
wind patterns that, in
turn, drive oceanic
currents that affect
surface ocean
temperatures.
 Atmosphere: Earth’s
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Plus the Cyosphere which includes all the
water in solid form (ice).
air
Geosphere: Earth’s
nonliving structures
Biosphere: Earth’s
living organisms
Hydrosphere: Earth’s
waters
Cryosphere: Earth’s ice
masses
Even a small
change in one
system can
change one or
more of the
other systems.
The Earth ‘s
spherical shape
causes it to be
heated unevenly.
The equator
region receives
more direct
sunlight (thermal
energy)
 The warmer air at the
equator caused by
more direct sunlight
causes convection
currents to form in
Earth’s atmosphere.
 These currents are
what drive weather
patterns.
 Weather is the daily atmospheric conditions in an
area.
 Climate is the average weather conditions in an area
over a longer period of time.
 Our atmosphere does
three main things:
 helps reflect some of
the radiation from the
Sun
 holds heat in so that the
temperature can sustain
life
 Holds in the gases
needed for life; CO2,
O2, and N