Transcript Chapter 01

The Scientific Method
The goal of science is to understand the
world around us. Therefore we need to
use the scientific method to solve
problems and answer questions in order to
understand science.
Methods of Scientists
The Scientific Method
• The scientific method is a planned, organized
approach to solving a problem.
• Once the problem is defined and research is
complete, a hypothesis, or suggested
explanation for an observation, is made.
Methods of Scientists
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Steps of the Scientific Method
1. State the Problem
2. Background Research
3. Make a Hypothesis
4. Do the Experiment
5. Record and Analyze Data
6. Make a Conclusion
7. Repeat the Work
Methods of Scientists
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Experimentation
– A hypothesis is tested by conducting an experiment,
which is an organized procedure that involves making
measurements and observations.
– A good experiment tests only one variable at a time.
• The independent variable is the factor that is
changed by the experimenter.
• A dependent variable is a factor that can change
if the independent variable is changed.
– A control is the part of an experiment that is NOT being
changed.
-- A hypothesis is a suggested explanation for an
observation.
Methods of Scientists
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Analysis and Conclusions
– All data, measurements and observations made in an
experiment, are recorded.
– Once an experiment is complete, the data must be
formatted so that they can be studied, or analyzed.
– Sometimes, a conclusion is contrary to the original
hypothesis.
– Remember, scientific methods are not rigid, step-bystep outlines to solve problems.
Methods of Scientists
Section Assessment
1. Match the following terms with their definitions.
A. factor in an experiment that can
___
D hypothesis
change if the factor that is
___
B independent variable
manipulated by the experimenter
___
A dependent variable
___
C control
is changed
B. factor that is manipulated by the
experimenter in an experiment
C. standard for comparison in an
experiment
D. suggested explanation for an
observation often stated in the
form of a question that can be
answered by the results of an
experiment
The MuscleUp Powder
Larry can only do three push ups but he wants to be able to do more. He hears
another guy at the gym say that he has been using “MuscleUp” powder and he
has increased the number of push ups that he can do. Larry reads about
MuscleUp on the internet and decides that he will try it. For four weeks he does
not take the supplement. Then he takes the ½ cup supplement each day for
four weeks. The data that he collected is in the chart below. Then Larry does
the entire experiment again to test his prior results.
No MuscleUp
# Push
Ups
Taking MuscleUp
# Push
Ups
Week 1
3
Week 1
5
Week 2
3
Week 2
8
Week 3
4
Week 3
11
Week 4
5
Week 4
15
1. What is the problem?
2. What data did Larry collect?
3. What step did Larry leave out?
4. Which trial was the control?
5. What is the independent variable?
6. What is the dependent variable?
7. What should Larry’s conclusion be?
8. Construct a line graph to show both sets
of data.
9. (Be sure to title the graph and both axes.
Graphs
Communicating in Science
Communicating Results
Graphs
– A line graph is a visual
display that shows how
two variables are related.
y axis
– The independent
variable is plotted on
the horizontal (x) axis.
– The dependent
variable is plotted on
the vertical (y) axis.
x axis
Communicating Results
Graphs
- A bar graph show results that are one time, that aren't
continuous - especially samplings such as surveys,
inventories, etc.
Favorite Student After School Activity
Activity
Visit W/Friends
Talk on Phone
Play Sports
Earn Money
Use Computers
Number
175
168
120
120
65
1. Which activity did most students prefer?
2. What two activities had an equal number?
3. How many students chose the computer?
Communicating Results
Graphs
- A pie graph is good to use when looking at parts of a
whole.
Percent of Hours of a Day Spent on Activities
ACTIVITY
HOURS
PERCENT OF DAY
Sleep
6
25
School
6
25
Job
4
17
Entertainment
4
17
Meals
2
8
Homework
2
8
1. What percent did homework take up?
2. What two activities make up 16%?
3. What two activities take up half of the day?
Communicating Results
Graphs
- A pictograph is a way of representing data using
symbols.
1. How many McIntosh apples are in the store?
2. What type of apple has the most? How many?
3. How many types of apples are there?
Conversions
Conversion Chart
kilo1,000
hecto100
deca10
Move the decimal the
way you moved- left
or right. Then move
the decimal that
many places!
UNIT
1
m, L, g
deci1/10
centi1/100
milli1/1000
Conversions: In Class Practice
1000
1. 1 meter is equal to: _________cm
__________mm
100
6200
0.0062
620
2. 6.2 m= __________mm
_________cm
__________km
590
0.59
3. 59 cm= ___________m
_________mm
__________km
0.00059
0.0073406
4. 7.3406 mm= ________cm
___________m
0.73406
0.0000073406
_______________km
0.001
5. 1 L= __________mL
________________kL
1000
694
6. 0.694 kL= _____________L
_______________mL
694000
5.69217
5692170
7. 5692.17 g= _______________kg
___________mg
0.089205
0.000089205
8. 89.205 mg=______________kg
____________g
Conversions: Homework
1. 1 g= ___________mg ______________kg
2. 2765.9 mg= ____________g _________kg
3. 64.9 km= ___________mm _____________m
4. 627 mm= __________m _______________km
5. 0.006 m= ______________km ___________mm
6. 3.4 L=____________mL __________________kL
7. 78 mL= _____________L _________________kL
8. 3 g= ______________mg _______________kg
9. 0.001 kg= ____________g ______________mg
10. 1284 mg= _____________g _____________kg
Measuring
Methods of Scientists
Measurement
• Most scientific studies and experiments use a
standard system of metric units called Le Système
International d’Unités, or SI for short.
• SI is a modern version of the metric system
based on a decimal system that uses the
number 10 as the base unit.
• It allows scientists all over the world to
communicate with one another.
• We use the SI system to measure length,
volume, mass, weight, temperature, and time.
Methods of Scientists
Measurement
Length
– The meter (m)is the standard SI unit to measure length.
– We use a meter stick to measure length.
– You could measure your height.
– The meter is divided into 100 equal parts called
centimeters (cm). 1 cm= 1/100
– The centimeter is divided into 10 equal parts called
millimeters (mm). 1 mm=1/1000
– Long distances are measured in kilometers (km) which
is 1,000 m. 1 km= 1000 m
Methods of Scientists
Measurement
Volume
– The amount of space occupied by an object is the
object’s volume.
• The basic SI unit of volume for a regularly shaped,
solid object is the cubic meter (m3).
• The Liter (L) is used to measure liquid volume.
• We use a graduated cylinder to measure it.
• We could measure a Liter of soda.
Mass
– Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
– The mass of an object, unlike weight, does not change
with an object’s position.
– The kilogram (kg) is the measurement to measure mass.
– We can use a balance to measure mass.
– We could measure your mass.
Methods of Scientists
Measurement
Weight
– Weight is a measure of the
gravitational force on an object.
– Weight varies depending on where
you are.
– The Moon vs. Earth- Gravity on the
Moon is 1/6 of that on Earth.
– The SI unit for is the Newton (N) for
weight.
– We use a scale to measure it.
– You could measure your weight.
Methods of Scientists
Measurement
Temperature
– Temperature is a measure of the average vibrations of
the particles that make up a material.
– The faster the particles vibrate, the higher the
temperature. The slower, the lower.
– Temperature is measured in degrees with a
thermometer.
• In SI, temperature is measured on the
Kelvin (K) scale.
• In science, temperature is often measured on
the Celsius (C) scale.
Methods of Scientists
Measurement
Time
– Time is the interval between two events and is usually
measured with a watch or clock.
– The SI unit of time is the second (s).
Density
– Density is a measure of the amount of matter that
occupies a given space.
– Density is calculated by dividing the mass of the matter
by its volume.
Density
• D=mass/volume
• If 96.5 gram sample of gold has a volume of
5cm3, what is the density?
• A piece of wood has a volume of 27cm3 and a
mass of 23 grams. What is its density?
• A sample of copper has a mass of 89.6g with a
volume of 10.0 cubic centimeters, what is its
density?
Methods of Scientists
Section Assessment
2. Match the following SI units with the type of
measurement.
___
D Second (s)
___
E Kelvin (K)
A. mass
___
C Newton (N)
___
B Meter (m)
C. weight
___
A Kilogram (kg)
E. temperature
B. length
D. time
The Four Branches of
Earth Science
The Scope of Earth Science
1. Astronomy
– Astronomy is the study of objects beyond
Earth’s atmosphere.
– Astronomers study the universe and everything in it,
including Earth, its neighbors, and other bodies in the
universe.
Earth Science
The Scope of Earth Science
2. Meteorology
– Meteorology is the branch of Earth science that
studies the air that surrounds our planet.
– Meteorologists study the forces and processes that
cause the atmosphere to change to produce weather.
– They also try to predict the weather and how changes
in weather might affect Earth’s climate.
Earth Science
The Scope of Earth Science
3. Geology
– Geology is the study of the materials that make up
Earth and the processes that form and change
these materials.
– Geologists identify rocks, study glacial movements,
interpret clues to Earth’s 4.6 billion-year history,
and determine how forces change our planet,
among many other things.
Earth Science
The Scope of Earth Science
4. Oceanography
– Oceanography is the study of Earth’s oceans, which
cover nearly three-fourths of the planet.
– Oceanographers study the creatures that inhabit
salty water, measure different physical and
chemical properties of the oceans, and observe
various processes in these bodies of water.
Earth Science
Section Assessment
1. Match the following terms with their definitions.
___
C geology
___
D oceanography
___
B meteorology
___
A astronomy
A. the study of objects beyond
Earth’s atmosphere
B. the study of the air that
surrounds Earth
C. the study of the materials that
make up Earth and the
processes that form and
change these materials
D. the study of Earth’s oceans
Earth Science
Earth’s Systems
• Scientists who study Earth have identified four
main Earth systems: the lithosphere, the
hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere.
1. The Lithosphere
– Earth’s lithosphere is the rigid outer shell of the
planet and includes the crust and the solid, uppermost
part of the layer below the crust, the mantle.
– There are two kinds of crust: continental crust,
made mostly of granite, and oceanic crust which is
primarily basalt.
Earth Science
Earth’s Systems
1. The Lithosphere
– Some of Earth’s upper mantle behaves like a rigid
solid while other parts of this layer are partially molten
and flow like a soft plastic.
– This partially molten layer of the mantle is the
asthenosphere.
– Beneath Earth’s mantle is the core, which can be
divided into two parts: an outer, liquid part and a solid,
inner part.
– Earth’s core and asthenosphere are not parts of the
lithosphere but they do interact with it.
Earth Science
Earth’s Systems
2. The Hydrosphere
– The hydrosphere consists of the water in Earth’s
oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and glaciers, as well as
the water in the atmosphere.
– About 97 percent of Earth’s water exists as salt water;
the remaining 3 percent is freshwater contained in
glaciers, in lakes and rivers, and beneath Earth’s
surface as groundwater.
Earth Science
Earth’s Systems
3. The Atmosphere
– The atmosphere is the blanket of gases that
surrounds our planet.
– Earth’s atmosphere is necessary for respiration by
most living things, protects Earth’s inhabitants from
harmful radiation from the Sun, and helps to keep the
planet at a temperature suitable for life.
Earth Science
Earth’s Systems
4. The Biosphere
– The biosphere includes all organisms on Earth as well
as the environments in which they live.
– With some exceptions, most organisms exist within a
few meters of Earth’s surface.
Review
Chapter Resources Menu
Study Guide
Section 1.1
Section 1.2
Section 1.3
Chapter Assessment
Image Bank
Section 1.1 Study Guide
Section 1.1 Main Ideas
•
There are four major areas in Earth science. Astronomy is the study
of objects beyond Earth’s atmosphere. Meteorology is the branch of
Earth science that deals with Earth’s atmosphere. The study of the
materials that make up Earth and the processes that form and
change these materials is known as geology. The study of Earth’s
oceans is called oceanography.
•
Earth can be divided into four main systems. The lithosphere
includes the rocks that make up the crust and rigid, upper mantle.
The atmosphere is the blanket of gases that surrounds Earth.
Earth’s hydrosphere is the system of all of the water on the planet.
The biosphere is Earth’s inhabitants and their environments.
•
All of Earth’s systems interact. You are part of the biosphere and you
live on the crust, which is part of the lithosphere. You breathe the
gases in that atmosphere and depend in many ways on the water in
the hydrosphere.
Section 1.2 Study Guide
Section 1.2 Main Ideas
•
The order of steps in a scientific method can vary. Most scientific
methods to solving a problem, however, include defining the
problem, stating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, analyzing the
results of the test, and drawing conclusions.
•
Variables are factors that change in an experiment. A dependent
variable can change in response to changes in the independent
variable. A control is a standard for comparison.
•
Basic units used in SI include the liter, the meter, the second, the
kilogram, the Newton, and degrees Celsius.
•
In scientific notation, a number is expressed as a multiplier and a
power of 10.
Section 1.3 Study Guide
Section 1.3 Main Ideas
•
Scientific information is communicated through lab reports,
professional papers, tables and graphs, and models.
•
A scientific theory is an explanation based on many observations
during repeated experiments. A scientific theory is valid only if it is
consistent with observations, makes predictions that can be tested,
and is the simplest explanation of observations. A theory can be
changed or modified if it is found to be incorrect.
•
A scientific law is a basic fact that describes the behavior of a
natural phenomenon. A scientific law can be thought of as a “rule of
nature,” even though the cause of the law may not be known.
Chapter Assessment
Multiple Choice
1. Which branch of Earth science studies the air
that surrounds our planet?
a. astronomy
c. geology
b. meteorology
d. oceanography
Astronomy is the study of objects beyond Earth’s
atmosphere; geology is the study of the materials that
make up Earth and the processes that form and change
these materials; and oceanography is the study of
Earth’s oceans.
Chapter Assessment
Multiple Choice
2. Which subspecialty of Earth science studies
water flow on and below Earth’s surface?
a. climatology
c. ecology
b. tectonics
d. hydrology
Climatology studies patterns of weather over a long
period of time; tectonics studies the effects of internal
processes on Earth’s surface; and ecology studies
habitats of organisms and how organisms interact with
each other and their environment.
Chapter Assessment
Multiple Choice
3. The asthenosphere is part of the _____.
a. lithosphere
c. mantle
b. hydrosphere
d. atmosphere
The asthenosphere is the partially molten layer in the
upper mantle. This is below the lithosphere which is the
rigid outer shell of Earth. The hydrosphere is the water
on the surface of Earth and in the atmosphere. The
atmosphere is the blanket of gases surrounding Earth.
Chapter Assessment
Multiple Choice
4. A(n) _____ is used in an experiment to show that
the results of an experiment are actually a result
of the condition being tested.
a. control
c. dependent variable
b. independent variable d. hypothesis
The independent variable in an experiment is the factor
that is manipulated by the experimenter. A dependent
variable is a factor that can change if the independent
variable is changed. A hypothesis is a suggested
explanation for an observation.
Chapter Assessment
Multiple Choice
5. The SI unit of mass is the _____.
a. m
c. kg
b. N
d. K
The meter (m) is the SI unit to measure length; the
newton (N) is the SI unit to measure weight; and in SI,
temperature is measured on the Kelvin (K) scale.
Chapter Assessment
Short Answer
6. What are the four major steps and processes in
the scientific approach to problem solving?
The four major steps and processes in the
scientific approach to problem solving are
question, test, analyze, and conclude.
Chapter Assessment
Conversion
7. Complete the following SI conversions.
100 mm
_______
m
.1
50 kg
_______
50,000 g
287 mL
_______
.287 L
2.3 km
_______
2,300 m
30 m3
_______
3,000 cm3
14 cm3
_______
mL
14
Chapter Assessment
True or False
8. Identify whether the following statements are
true or false.
______
false A scientific theory is a basic fact that describes
the behavior of a natural phenomenon.
______
true Scientific methods are not rigid, step-by-step
outlines to solve problems.
______
true A paleontologist would study the composition of
the ancient atmosphere.
______
false Earth’s atmosphere is about 78% oxygen.
Image Bank
Chapter 1 Images