Transcript petroleum

ORGANIC FUELS
HYDROCARBONS
CHAPTER 15
The Need for Energy
• Energy Basics:
• Energy can not be
created or destroyed.
• Energy can change
from one form to
another (Ex: light to
heat).
Ex:
Sun’s energy
(heat/light) is
converted by grass
(photosynthesis) to
chemical energy
Cows eat the grass and
convert grass to
chemical (body
functions) and
mechanical (body
movement) energy
Energy Basics
• Fuel – any substance
from which energy can be
obtained.
• Electricity is the only
form of energy that is not
naturally occurring
(lightning is the
exception)
• Energy changing from
one form to another is not
100% efficient – some
energy is always lost as
either heat or light
Organic Fuels
• Carbon-based (C)
• Most fuels are
Hydrocarbons
(composed of Carbon
and Hydrogen – CH)
• Simplest:
Methane CH4
Ethane C2 H6
Octane C8H18
•
Organic Fuels
• Numbers on gas pumps
(87, 90) are based on the
energy available in that
gasoline formula.
• Hydrocarbons also
contain other compounds
(impurities) like sulfur,
lead.
• Fossil-fuels from remains
of long-dead organisms
include: coal, oil and
natural gas
Coal
• Organic material like
prehistoric plants died,
were covered with
many layers of dirt,
compressed into a
liquid (oil) and then a
solid (coal).
• Four stages of coal
formation: peat,
lignite, bituminous,
anthracite coal.
Peat
• Brittle, brown,
compacted plant
material with high
water content and low
carbon content
• First stage in coal
formation
• Found close to surface
of Earth
• Burns quickly, gives
off lots of smoke
Lignite
• Soft , brown coal that
has 40% carbon
content
• Second stage of coal
formation
• Burns quickly but give
off very little smoke
• Found below the
Earth’s surface and
must be mined
Bituminous Coal
• Soft coal located deep
within the Earth’s
crust.
• Formed over time
from lignite with
increased heat and
pressure
• Deep inside the
Earth’s crust
• Most common coal
mined in the United
States
Anthracite Coal
Burns hottest and cleanest
• Bituminous coal,
Hardest to reach
subject to increased
Most expensive
pressure over time
turns into
metamorphic rock coal
• Shiny black color
• Located deepest in the
Earth’s crust
• Lowest water content
– highest carbon
petroleum
•AKA crude oil, a fossil fuel
•Its 2/3 of the world’s energy
•Supplies are limited
•Millions of Uses
PETROLEUM
• COMES FROM THE
LATIN, petra = rock
and oleum = oil.
• Three basic forms
liquid – crude oil
solid – bitumen
gas – natural gas
• Developed by intense
heat and pressure of
ancient plants and
animals
• Liquid sinks through
layers of rock to form
under-ground
reservoirs of oil
Petroleum History
• 2000 BC – Chinese refined
crude oil for lamps
• 1859 – Edwin Drake drilled the
first US oil well, Titusville, PA
• 1890’s – Invention of
automobile increases demand for
gasoline
• 1960’s – OPEC was formed by
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia
and Venezuela
• 1973 – Arab Oil Embargo
caused oil crisis in US and Holland
• 1993 –
First time US imports
more oil than it produces
TOP-TEN OIL PRODUCERS
• 10 United Arab Emirates
2.8 million barrels per day
• 9 Venezuela
2.9 million barrels per day
• 8 Canada
3.1 million barrels per day
• 7 Norway
3.2 million barrels per day
• 6 China
3.6 million barrels per day
• 5 Mexico
3.8 million barrels per day
• 4 Iran
4 million barrels per day
• 3 United States
8.7 million barrels per day
• 2 Russia
9.3 million barrels per day
• #1 Saudi Arabia
10.4 million barrels per day
TOP-TEN OIL CONSUMERS
• 10 Mexico + France
2 million barrels per day
• 9 South Korea
2.1 million barrels per day
• 8 Brazil
2.2 million barrels per day
• 7 Canada
2.3 million barrels per day
•
6 India
2.3 million barrels per day
• 5 Russia
2.6 million barrels per day
• 4 Germany
2.6 million barrels per day
• 3 Japan
5.4 million barrels per day
• 2 China
6.5 million barrels per day
• 1 United States
• 20.7 million barrels per day
WHAT’S OIL GOT TO DO
WITH IT?
Uses include:
• Gasoline (46%)
• Heating oil (27%)
• Jet fuel (7%)
• Blacktop (4%)
• Kerosene (2%
• Inks, crayons, bubble
gum, detergents, furniture
polish, deodorant,
medicine, packaging,
fertilizers, insecticides,
plastics (10%)
OIL SUPPLY
• More than 5,000
oil/gas drilling
companies in the
world
• Major oil fields are on:
North America, South
America, Europe,
Africa and Asia
Major Oil-shale Deposits in the U.S.
Petroleum
• Plants and animal • Trapped by nonporous
rock
remains in shallow
seas from millions • Not a renewable
resource
of years ago
• Often has natural gas
• Under intense
trapped in the same
layers as the oil
pressure formed
syrupy liquid
• Liquid seeped
through
sedimentary rock
Natural Gas
• Mixture of gases:
Methane, ethane,
propane, hydrogen
sulfide, carbon
dioxide, nitrogen
and helium
• Forms the same
way as oil and is
often found in the
same area as oil
Other Organic Fuels
Two Problems with
fossil fuels:
1. Availability:
Nonrenewable
Easiest to reach already used
2. Pollution:
Exploration causes
environmental damage,
mining accidents
Burning fuels causes acid
rain, increased CO2 in the
atmosphere
Biomass Fuels: WOOD
• Biomass fuel;
formed from living
organisms
• PLUS - Trees are a
renewable resource.
• MINUS – getting
wood can damage
forests, burning
wood releases high
amounts of CO2
Biomass Fuels: GARBAGE
Garbage made in
most homes is mostly
organic.
The organic parts of
household waste can
be used as organic
fuel.
Many towns and
cities burn garbage
to produce electricity
PLUS – readily
available supply.
MINUS - smell,
expensive to build
conversion plants,
NIMBY