Transcript Slide 1

__________ are thought to be
similar in composition to Earth's
mantle.
A) Shooting stars
B) Metallic meteorites
C) Cosmic gas
clouds
D) Stony meteorites
s
0%
m
et
eo
rit
e
ds
cl
ou
ny
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to
D
m
ic
ga
s
m
et
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os
C
)M
et
al
lic
ot
in
g
B
)S
ho
A
0
rit
e
ar
s
st
0
0% 0%
s
0%
5
The fact that __________ is good
evidence for a solidified, inner core.
A) S waves do not pass directly
through the core.
B) P waves are faster in the inner
core than in the outer core.
C) S waves are slower in the inner
core than in the outer core.
D) S waves are focused at the
center of the P-wave shadow
zone.
.
us
.
fo
c
es
w
av
)S
D
w
av
)S
C
ar
e
sl
ow
er
...
ar
e
es
es
w
av
)P
B
A
)S
w
av
es
do
ar
e
no
fa
s
tp
te
r
a.
.
..
0% 0% 0% 0%
Dense forms of __________ are
probably major components of the
inner core.
A) solid iron silicates and
magnesium silicates
B) crystalline iron and nickel
C) liquid iron-nickel-sulfur
alloy
D) solidified uranium and
other very heavy
elements
ur
an
ifi
e
d
iro
n
D
)s
ol
id
d
)l
iq
ui
iu
m
...
-s
...
el
-n
ic
k
n
iro
e
C
ry
s
)c
B
A
)s
ol
id
iro
ta
lli
n
n
si
lic
at
es
an
...
...
0% 0% 0% 0%
The __________ of the Earth does
not transmit S waves.
A) outer mantle
B) inner crust
C) outer core
D) deep mantle
0%
an
tle
0%
ee
p
)d
D
)o
C
m
ut
er
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cr
us
or
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t
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er
)i
nn
B
)o
ut
er
m
an
tle
0%
A
•
•
•
•
The __________ is the seismic
discontinuity that forms the
boundary between the crust and
mantle.
• A) Mojo
B) Moto
C) Mogo
D) Moho
)M
oh
D
)M
og
o
0%
o
0%
C
)M
ot
o
0%
B
)M
oj
o
0%
A
•
•
•
The __________ of the Earth is enriched in
the elements silicon, potassium, sodium,
and aluminum compared to the most
common types of stony meteorites.
• A) inner core
• B) outer core
• C) mantle
• D) crust
)o
B
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ru
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an
tle
t
0%
C
ut
er
c
co
er
)i
nn
A
0%
or
e
re
0%
A shallow-focus earthquake occurs directly
under the South Pole. A seismic station at
the North Pole would receive __________.
...
th
is
es
w
av
P
D
)P
w
av
er
ei
th
)n
C
fr
om
es
w
av
S
d
an
P
ot
h
)b
B
no
...
e.
..
...
th
is
fr
om
es
•
0% 0% 0% 0%
w
av
•
)S
•
A) S waves from this
quake but not P waves
B) both P and S waves
from this quake
separated in arrival
times by two minutes
C) neither P waves nor
S waves from the quake
D) P waves from this
quake, but no S waves
would be detected
A
•
lp
sa
by
s
)a
D
en
ta
lt
re
n
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e
la
in
s
s
s
lv
e
he
)c
C
)c
B
on
tin
on
tin
en
ta
ls
ta
l
gu
yo
ts
0% 0% 0% 0%
oa
s
•
)c
•
A) coastal guyots
B) continental
shelves
C) continental
trenches
D) abyssal plains
A
•
•
Geologically, __________ are
actually submerged parts of the
continents.
Seamounts __________.
ca
bm
ar
in
e
su
re
)a
...
c.
..
Pa
th
e
in
on
ly
D
C
vo
re
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B
)f
or
m
lc
a
sp
e
no
es
ci
al
th
a
ty
p
e
t.
..
..
0% 0% 0% 0%
a
•
re
•
)a
•
A) are a special type of
oceanic trench
B) are volcanoes that
form on the ocean floor
C) form only in the
Pacific Ocean basin
D) are submarine
canyons found near
Australia
A
•
The gently sloping submerged surface
extending from the shoreline toward the
deep ocean is termed the __________.
ny
on
ca
in
e
ub
m
ar
)s
)c
C
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e
en
ta
lr
on
tin
en
ta
ls
on
tin
)c
B
0%
D
he
en
ta
ls
0%
lo
pe
lf
0%
on
tin
•
•
)c
•
A) continental
shelf
B) continental
slope
C) continental rise
D) submarine
canyon
A
•
Where in the oceans are biological
communities thriving without sunlight?
ve
re
su
fis
se
n.
.
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af
lo
or
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ro
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of
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ep
-
at
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al
lo
•
sh
•
)i
n
•
A) in shallow water,
coral reefs
B) in muds of deepocean trenches
C) around seafloor,
hot spring vents
D) around fissure
vents for flood
basalts
A
•
Which one of the following statements
concerning submarine canyons is not
true?
•
A) They extend from the
s.
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er
e
w
he
y
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y
c.
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lly
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C
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he
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ex
B
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ne
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an
te
nd
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om
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tu
rb
i..
.
0% 0% 0% 0%
he
y
•
)T
•
A
•
continental shelf to the base of
the continental slope.
B) They channel turbidity
currents down the continental
slope to deeper waters.
C) They generally conned
across the continental shelf to
specific river valleys on land.
D) They were cut by streams
and rivers during the
Pleistocene when sea level had
dropped to the base of the
continental slope.
te
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he
e
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B
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ur
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C
di
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ill
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e
w
co
ba
sa
m
p.
..
s
lts
0% 0% 0% 0%
)p
•
•
A) pillow basalts
B) sheeted dike
complexes
C) turbidites
D) gabbro
A
•
•
All of the following are layers that
comprise oceanic crust except for
__________.
is
m
m
on
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so
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D
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B
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so
st
as
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br
at
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C
A) isotropy
B) isostasy
C) isobration
D) isomonism
A
•
•
•
•
The concept that rocks of the crust
and upper mantle are floating in
gravitational balance is known as
__________.
Which of the following best describes the
geology of the Pacific coastal regions of
western North America including Alaska?
)T
D
C
)A
m
as
...
on
d,
c
fo
ld
e
ig
ht
ly
si
ve
su
bc
di
ffe
lly
ic
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lo
g
)G
eo
on
...
..
re
n
..
tin
e.
on
,c
lie
r
B
•
0% 0% 0% 0%
ea
r
•
)A
n
•
A) An earlier, continental margin
broke apart and the geologically
similar fragments were tectonically
reassembled.
B) Geologically different,
microcontinent-sized fragments and
terranes, formed elsewhere, were
tectonically accreted to North
America.
C) A massive subcontinent of old
igneous and metamorphic rocks
(similar to India) was accreted during
late Proterozoic time.
D) Tightly folded, continental shelf
strata were squeezed between North
America and the convergent, BeringSiberian subcontinent.
A
•
A(n) __________ is a thick accumulation of
sediments and small, tectonic blocks formed of
material scraped off a descending, lithospheric
plate.
tio
n
D
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ub
te
r
cc
re
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ra
ne
a
ed
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B
.
.
t..
..
t.
em
en
m
ov
•
0% 0% 0% 0%
s
•
)m
as
•
A) mass movement
complex
B) continental shelf,
terrain complex
C) accretionarywedge complex
D) subterraneanaccumulation
complex
A
•
How were the Ural Mountains (Russia)
formed?
.
D
)A
n
ac
t
ni
c
iv
e
vo
,n
or
m
iv
e
)A
ct
lc
a
al
f
a
in
st
ra
ta
C
...
au
l..
...
..
ks
bl
oc
lt
)M
ar
in
e
fa
u
B
•
0% 0% 0% 0%
ar
ge
,
•
)L
•
A) Large, fault blocks of Archean
igneous and metamorphic rocks
rose as the former Asian and
European plates joined to form
Eurasia.
B) Marine strata in a basin between
the former Asian and European
plates were squeezed, folded, and
uplifted as the two joined to form the
Eurasian plate.
C) Active, normal faulting is
elevating large, mountain blocks
above the level of the vast plains on
both sides of the range.
D) An active volcanic arc, similar to
the present-day Aleutian Islands,
rose along the southern edge of the
Eurasian plate.
A
•
The ranges of the central and southern
Rocky Mountains __________.
d.
..
le
o
zo
ic
an
ck
s.
D
)t
he
Pa
lif
te
d
re
)a
C
B
)d
ev
e
up
lo
pe
ly
,b
lo
in
d
co
nt
ai
n
re
s
...
t..
.
..
0% 0% 0% 0%
ra
l
•
en
e
•
)g
•
A) generally contain thick sections of
highly folded, Paleozoic, marine
strata
B) developed in response to a
continent-continent collision
C) are uplifted, blocks that typically
have cores of Proterozoic igneous
and metamorphic rocks
D) the Paleozoic and Mesozoic
sedimentary rocks were elevated
and compressed into tight folds; but
the deeper, harder rocks of the
continental crust were pulled apart
by tensional stresses
A
•
The Sierra Nevada, CA, and Teton, WY
ranges are examples of __________.
bo
...
...
ks
pl
ift
e
d
bl
oc
up
lif
)u
D
C
)i
so
st
at
ic
,c
to
ss
i
om
pr
e
up
lif
ks
)f
ol
di
ng
B
fc
...
te
...
0% 0% 0% 0%
lo
c
•
lt
b
•
)f
au
•
A) fault blocks uplifted by late
Tertiary to Quaternary normal
faulting
B) folding, compression, and
thickening of Paleozoic strata
in Jurassic time
C) isostatic uplift of crust
overthickened in early
Paleozoic time
D) uplifted blocks bounded
by Quaternary reverse faults
A
•
A seismic gap is
m
i..
.
in
...
en
t
of
a
se
is
ic
t
pr
ed
gm
se
a
a
m
et
ho
d
to
po
in
e
th
of
fr
up
re
tu
re
no
s.
..
of
...
0% 0% 0% 0%
w
he
4.
io
n
3.
re
g
2.
a region where no seismic
activity occurs.
the point of rupture of
stressed rocks deep in the
Earth.
a method of predicting
seismic sea waves
a segment of a seismically
active fault along which no
large earthquakes have
occurred recently.
a
1.
The force per unit area or volume
tending to change conditions.
Stress
Strength
Shear
Strain
in
0%
St
ra
ea
r
0%
Sh
ng
th
0%
St
re
ss
0%
St
re
1.
2.
3.
4.
The principle of stratigraphic
superposition states that:
st
..
te
d
de
ra
ta
w
er
e
po
si
de
e
fin
po
si
er
lie
ov
ts
ar
e
a
st
ra
t
de
r
ol
...
..
tr
un
c.
s.
..
of
ce
qu
en
se
D)
0% 0% 0% 0%
y
C)
an
B)
in any sequence of
sedimentary strata, the order
in which he strata were
deposited from the bottom
up.
older strata are truncated by
erosion before younger strata
are deposited.
fine deposits overlie coarser
units.
strata were deposited as
horizontal layers.
in
A)
Two sample from the same geologic
material were dated as 4.5 X 107
years old and 4.6X104 years old.
The age dates are:
1. Concordant
2. Discordant
0%
or
da
is
c
D
C
on
co
rd
a
nt
nt
0%
Which is not necessary for the
formation of economic occurrences
of oil?
1. geochemical
transformation
2. plant source
materials
3. rapid burial
4. reservoir rocks
s
l
re
se
r
vo
i
rr
oc
k
bu
r ia
pi
d
ra
e
ou
rc
an
ts
pl
ge
oc
he
m
ic
a
lt
ra
n
sf
o.
..
m
at
er
ia
ls
0% 0% 0% 0%
te
s
)c
B
C
)f
)q
er
ua
ro
rt
m
z
ag
ne
si
an
m
...
D
)c
ar
bo
na
la
y
s
0% 0% 0% 0%
A
•
•
•
•
Which major component of detrital
sedimentary rocks only rarely occurs as a
primary mineral in igneous rocks?
A) clays
B) carbonates
C) quartz
D) ferromagnesian
minerals
Compaction is a very important part of the
lithification process for which of the following
sediments?
A) gravel
B) sand
C) mud
D) cobble
)c
ob
b
le
0%
D
C
an
d
)s
B
ra
v
)g
0%
)m
ud
0%
el
0%
A
•
•
•
•
tio
n
of
th
...
c.
..
D
)c
om
in
g
ed
d
)b
C
pa
c
or
ith
ifi
c
of
l
eg
re
e
)d
B
st
ra
tif
i
at
io
n
g.
..
nd
sa
th
e
of
s
•
0% 0% 0% 0%
iz
e
•
)s
•
A) sizes of the
sand grains
B) degree of
lithification
C) bedding or
stratification
D) compaction of
the mud and clay
A
•
What is probably the single most
important, original, depositional
feature in sedimentary rocks?
lo
m
er
at
ke
w
ac
on
g
ra
y
D
)c
)g
C
0%
e
0%
e
to
n
ol
iti
c
)o
B
0%
lim
es
st
on
e
0%
)m
ud
•
•
A
•
•
Which of the following sedimentary rocks
would you expect to have originally been
deposited by fast-moving streams?
A) mudstone
B) oolitic
limestone
C) graywacke
D) conglomerate
A) hornfels
B) schist
C) slate
D) phyllite
D
)p
hy
l
la
te
)s
C
ch
is
)s
0%
lit
e
0%
t
0%
B
)h
or
nf
el
s
0%
A
•
•
•
•
Which of the following forms at the
highest grade of regional
metamorphism?
Which of the following statements
concerning slate is not true?
at
u.
..
..
is
.
D
)s
ta
ry
ed
im
en
va
cl
ea
k
fe
ge
oa
,c
)r
oc
C
)h
as
ab
un
da
nt
sh
al
es
.
...
..
0% 0% 0% 0%
fro
m
•
B
•
)f
or
m
s
•
A) forms from shales
and mudstones
B) has abundant,
coarse-grained mica
C) rock cleavage is
common
D) sedimentary
features may be
visible
A
•
Which statement concerning
sedimentary rocks is not true
m
po
se
co
e
ar
D
)T
he
y
he
y
)T
C
...
l..
in
a
er
e
w
pr
ob
he
y
)T
or
ig
sh
ab
ly
nt
ai
n
co
ay
B
..
...
0% 0% 0% 0%
m
•
he
y
•
)T
•
A) They may contain fossils
that provide clues about
ancient life forms.
B) They probably show some
evidence of stratification.
C) They were originally
deposited at depth below the
bottom of the sea.
D) They are composed of
particles and constituents
derived from weathering and
erosion of other rocks.
A
•
__________ is a strong, parallel alignment
of coarse mica flakes and/or of different
mineral bands in a metamorphic rock.
• A) Rock cleavage
• B) Foliation
• C) Stress
streaking
• D) Marbleizing
0%
)M
ar
bl
ei
zi
ng
in
g
s
)S
tr
es
C
D
ol
ia
)F
B
0%
st
re
ak
tio
e
ag
ea
v
cl
k
)R
oc
A
0%
n
0%
...
fa
ir l
y
sh
..
D
)D
ep
th
s
ti
s
)H
ea
ar
e
ge
n
er
at
ed
rl.
..
ar
e
re
s
C
ss
u
)P
re
B
fa
i
ry
...
ve
ar
e
re
s
•
0% 0% 0% 0%
ss
u
•
)P
re
•
A) Pressures are very high, the
rock is deeply buried, and
temperatures are raised by the
Earth's internal heat.
B) Pressures are fairly low, the
rock is in the upper part of the
crust, and heat is supplied from
a nearby magma body.
C) Heat is generated by
shearing and mechanical
movements along faults.
D) Depths are fairly shallow, but
temperatures and pressures are
so high that the rocks begin to
partially melt.
A
•
Which of the following best describes
the conditions of contact
metamorphism?