Transcript tsunamis
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS INDONESIA PART 1B: TSUNAMIS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE INDONESIA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK EARTHQUAKES GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE TSUNAMIS FLOODS CYCLONES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS CAN ACCOMPANY LARGE SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKES GENERATED AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX INTERACTION OF THE INDO-AUSTRALIA AND EURASIATECTONIC PLATES TECTONIC PLATES INDONESIA REGIONAL TECTONICS • The Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates meet in Indonesia, creating a tectonic setting that generates earthquakes and volcanoes. REGIONAL TECTONICS • The Indo-Australian plate is moving northward while being subducted under the Eurasian plate creating a zone marked by a submarine trench that can be traced from the northern tip of Sumatra to the Lesser Islands. SUBDUCTION ZONE INDONESIA’S SEISMICITY TSUNAMI RISK •TSUNAMI HAZARDS •PEOPLE & BLDGS. •VULNERABILITY •LOCATION DATA BASES AND INFORMATION ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK INDONESIA’S GOAL: TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE COMMUNITIES POLICY OPTIONS HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS • PREPAREDNESS •PROTECTION •EARLY WARNING •EMERGENCY RESPONSE •RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) EARTHQUAKES “DISASTER LABORATORIES” IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP POOR DETAILING AND WEAK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF LOSS HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP TSUNAMIS “DISASTER LABORATORIES” INADEQUATE WARNING SYSTEM FLOODING INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL TSUNAMIS. • DISASTERINTELLIGENT COMMUNITIES USE TIMELY EARLY WARNING BASED ON CRITICAL INFORMATION TO EVACUATE PEOPLE AND PREPARE. INDONESIA’S MOST NOTABLE TSUNAMI DISASTER The Great Sumatra Earthquake -Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster December 26, 2004 LOCATION BEFORE AND AFTER THE DISASTER • SOURCE OF IMAGES: SPACE IMAGING/CRISP-SINGAPORE • NOTE: A TSUNAMI TRAVELS AT SPEEDS OF ABOUT 800 KM/HR IN THE DEEP OCEAN BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI THE TSUNAMI • THE EXISTING INDIAN OCEAN WARNING SYSTEM WAS INADEQUATE; SO EVACUATION DID NOT HAPPEN. THE TSUNAMI • TSUNAMI WAVES WITH WAVE HEIGHTS OF 4 TO 10 M AND INLAND RUNUP OF 3.3 KM OR MORE REACHED THE COASTS OF ALL INDIAN OCEAN NATIONS- - • WHOSE PEOPLE WERE UNEVACUATED AND UNPREPARED IMPACTS OF THE DISASTER • AS MANY AS 220,000 PEOPLE KILLED (120,000 IN INDONESIA) • --- AND 500,000 INJURED IMPACTS OF THE DISASTER • URGENT NEED FOR FOOD, WATER, AND HEALTH CARE SERVICES TO PREVENT “A HEALTH-CARE DISASTER AFTER THE TSUNAMI DISASTER” IMPACTS OF THE DISASTER • MILLIONS DISPLACED FROM HOMES IMPACTS OF THE DISASTER • BILLIONS OF DOLLARS NEEDED FOR RESPONSE, RECOVERY, AND RECONSTRUCTION IMPACTS OF THE DISASTER • INTERNATIONAL AID WAS COORDINATED BY UN, USA, INDIA, AUSTRALIA, & JAPAN TOWARDS DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR TSUNAMIS RISK ASSESSMENT • VULNERABILITY • COST • EXPOSURE TSUNAMIS • EVENT EXPECTED LOSS • BENEFIT •CONSEQUENCES POLICY ASSESSMENT POLICY ADOPTION